An Isle of Man police officer holds a birch as used on older teenage boys in the 1960s. Corporal punishment encompasses all types of physical punishment, including spanking, slapping, pinching, pulling, twisting, and hitting with an object. The precise nature of the implement being used cannot be discerned. Scope UNICEFs data from nationally representative surveys in 56 countries 20052013 show that approximately 6 out of 10 children aged 214 years experienced corporal punishment by adults in their households in the past month. Also unclear: is what it portrays really "punishment", or is it more akin to a hazing or initiation? Inept public caning by Taliban. WebFor example, in Dartmoor Prison the device used to punish male offenders above the age of 16weighing some 16 ounces (450 g), and 48 inches (1.2 m) longwas known as the senior birch. Saeed Ghanbari is seen being brought to the place of punishment and given 80 lashes for alcohol and adultery. I think the picture may date from around c.1800. In fact of course the punishment was applied to the bare buttocks. There are two trestles exhibited side by side, a smaller one and a larger A-frame of the familiar kind (so tall that a recess has to be made for it in the ceiling). Corpun file 17353 Baker flogged -- clearer picture. A thief sentenced to whipping.
Corpun file 22733 Corpun file 25461
This appeared on the website of a news magazine in Guangzhou (China) but is now thought to depict a scene in Burma. Another real-life photograph, described as "Qing Dynasty", which dates it to before 1912. It is thought to have been used in the 19th century. Depictions of bare-bottom floggings. Most European countries have partially or completely banned the corporal punishment of children in schools and at home, in compliance with the European Social Charteradopted in 1961 and revised in 1996which protects children from physical abuse. It shows a cat-o'-four-tails, and appears in J.A. (They are possibly back to front, unless all three chaps doing the whacking happened to be left-handed, which seems slightly unlikely.) Note once more the reference to "LC". This looks like "the real thing", though possibly unofficial. British criminal law stood as a rare exception in its legal prescription of whipping as punishment for some offenses, but the infliction of this penalty was severely limited by the Criminal Justice Act of 1948 and was abolished in 1967. Canada | [63], American colonies judicially punished in a variety of forms, including whipping, stocks, the pillory and the ducking stool. Again, the culprit is shown lying face down on the ground. Corpun file 26193 Definition and Examples, outlawed in 128 countries, but is lawful in some situations, widespread violence by police and prison guards, B.A., International Relations, Brown University. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Here a young soldier bends over to be disciplined with the rattan. Additionally, gossips were put in a device called a bridle, which was a mask-like object that stuck spikes in the mouth of the offender which prevented them from speaking or even closing their mouth fully. If you think you have seen this picture before, it is because it is very similar to these pictures of judicial CP in Korea around 1900, but this is actually a different picture, new to me. Here we have a couple of clear, reasonably-sized pictures of a freshly-caned prisoner in Singapore. A prisoner is whipped with a plet (not a knout, which was abolished in 1845). This appeared on 21 April 2004 in a Lira-based Atesot-language paper, Rupiny, with the following text: odo: LC tye ka miyo odo tye ka kayo dud lakwo dek. Painting of a naval flogging. Corpun file 22091 A more informal, on-the-spot kind of flogging in the 19th-century Navy, from George Goldsmith Carter, Sailors, Sailors, Paul Hamlyn, London, 1966. The smaller one is captioned: "Detention Centre and Training Centre. Corpun file 17139 These people never seem to learn how to do CP properly. Perhaps this was the first of these pictures, possibly taken officially; it shows the top brass, standing back from the ceremony, who are out of view in the three closer-up pictures. Ghana | The second picture turned up somewhere else with a date of c.1910, but that must be wrong as both pictures clearly include some of the same personnel in the same clothes. Two officials (at left of picture) are pulling on a rope attached to a ring holding his wrists. The birch is probably a modern reconstruction. Corpun file 6765 It is an especially difficult practice to control because, with the exception of judicial punishment, it is often individual and in the domestic sphere where there is less governmental oversight. Punishment of the Bastinado. Two whipping instruments also on display at Ludwigsburg (see previous item). Therefore, although there is widespread violence by police and prison guards against those suspected or guilty of a crime, it cannot be considered judicial corporal punishment because it is not an officially sanctioned punishment. Strapping in German Africa, c.1910. Corpun file 22914 Another flogging with the plet, c.1900. The pillar to which the offender is shackled looks very similar to the one captioned as "The whipping post, Kent County Jail at Dover" in this book review, which is also the page to go for more information about flogging in Delaware, which was not removed from the statute book until 1972, though the last whipping there was in 1952. Note that the one in which the light cane is being used has the offender strapped to the bench previously seen, whereas the depiction of the big paddle in use shows him simply lying on the ground. Pictures from Amnesty International article (Aug 2009) about the treatment of foreigners detained for immigration offences. This dates from the mid-19th century and was originally at the courthouse in Sydney, Nova Scotia. WebCorporal Punishment Act was clear and unequivocal and that it relates only to male offenders. Germans flogged at Rabaul, 1914. This particular New Militia was the short-lived England/Wales one raised in 1852 to counter the perceived threat from Napoleon III's France. including Bangladesh,[51] India and Colombia.[52]. We may imagine this scene on HMS Zealous at 11.15am on 17 July 1813 when Valentine Woods, aged 17, received the first instalment (36 lashes) of his sentence of "60 lashes with a Cat of Nine Tails on his Bare Posteriors" for stabbing a shipmate. Corpun file 20564 Even where it remains legal, the practice has seen a gradual, locally driven decline. This appears to be essentially the same as the previous item, possibly suggesting that standard equipment was provided centrally. The padded flogging trestle there was nicknamed "the old gray mare". Judicial flogging is now operating in Indonesia, but only in Aceh province, and deriving from a quite separate, Islamic, tradition. In a broad sense, the term also denotes the physical disciplining of children in the schools and at home. We should bear in mind that the drawing was probably made in 1938 and not in the 1700s, so may or may not be reliable. These three shots, shown here in a composite picture, are taken from closer up than the first picture and clearly show three different men being publicly flogged over a trunk by Australian army personnel. It seems to be a proper formal caning in the walled yard of some kind of institution. Corpun file 15761 Corpun file 21450a Rotanslagen in de Gevangenis (Caning in the Prison), c.1900. At the time, the Russian government was in the process of regaining control over the breakaway Chechen republic, which had started imposing Islamic law, including public floggings. According to the press, a lawyer who represented Myra Bhagwansingh at the preliminary inquiry also said that the Act was intended for male offenders and that he felt the sentencing judge had erred. The source is unknown, but the picture looks genuine enough. Corpun file 24803 Note similarity of modus operandi to that shown in the pictures above. Home Office circular to prison governors, 1899.
See also flogging. It shows a seaman stripped to the waist and tied up to the gratings. The VIPs are standing by the A-frame. Corpun file 19516 Demonstration on a dummy of judicial caning in Brunei. From dailywqt.com (Sep 2008). This caricature by Fritz von Dardel dates from c.1830 and shows a Swedish soldier receiving 25 strokes of the cane. Mara Luisa Pal, Washington Post, 15 Mar. Public flogging was abolished here in 1848. However, in the more serious and much rarer case of a flogging ordered by a Court Martial, the full-sized nine-tail adult version was used, as shown here. This not very clear photograph in the Alaska State Library is captioned "Klondike Trail: Flogging a cache thief on the Lynn trail, 1896". These appear to be from a fictional comic book, but might perhaps be broadly realistic. Note that these metal frames are very similar to the one used in this 1978 Pakistan flogging and also in the second picture from the top on this page of miscellaneous Pakistan floggings, all presumably inherited from the days of British India. (Did prisoners have underwear in 1900?) Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Sweden | I think this one is more clearly "the real thing" and not posed: the operator is slightly blurred, as though in motion, and the offender looks as if he could be squirming in pain. You have been warned! WebFor example, in Dartmoor Prison the device used to punish male offenders above the age of 16weighing some 16 ounces (450 g), and 48 inches (1.2 m) longwas known as the senior birch. The then Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) was occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945. A few months ago, with a quiet vote by a local school board, nearly two centuries of corporal punishment in North Carolina public schools came to an end. Yet when the end came, it was uncontroversial the board voted unanimously to end the practice with little public debate. Stable nations using judicial corporal punishment today enjoy significantly lower crime rates than countries that do not. Recent Examples on the Web According to the letter, corporal punishment is allowed in 23 states. In that 1977 case, Ingraham v. Wright, the court upheld the practice by a 5-to-4 vote, concluding that the Eighth Amendment applies only to criminal punishments even though no such limit appears in the amendments text. Since that time, however, in a triumph of local activism, all of those districts have reversed course. Corrections? It is, I think, a very long time since the cat rather than the cane was used in Hong Kong. The Baltimore judge who sent this wife-beater to the City Jail whipping post allowed journalists to be present but forbade cameras, but New York Daily News lensman Joseph Costa foiled the ban with this sneaked picture. But there cannot be much doubt that the events he describes are those shown in these pictures: we see the trunk that he mentions, the flagpole, the troops lined up around the square. It appears that these youths had been arrested by the police on drugs charges. (The offender was bent forward and had to lie with his chest on the cushioned leather surface. The over-the-knee drawing rather confuses the issue. Ingraham, A clearer view of the dummy and punishment canes. Gershoff (2008) defines corporal punishment as physical punishment which uses physical force intending to cause bodily pain for the purpose of correcting or punishing a child for their behavior. By the early 21st century, more than 100 countries had also banned the corporal punishment of children in schools. Is the onlooker an assistant to the operation, or -- noting his rather hangdog posture, and the fact that he seems to be holding his own bottom -- another offender waiting his turn? For example, in nine states where corporal punishment is allowed, fewer than 5 percent of schools report using it. Webcorporal punishment: This 1907 photograph taken in a Delaware prison shows two inmates in a pillory with another receiving a whipping. The second picture shows how the ends were designed to open up to secure or release the offender. Corpun file 25327 Much more recently, three glass slides came up for sale on eBay showing what is obviously either the same event or a very similar one in exactly the same place.
29 states and the District of Columbia have passed laws banning corporal punishment in public schools. The modus operandi appears more or less identical to that of the Austrian army in the same century, see Frieze in Prague. WebSentence examples for judicial corporal punishment from inspiring English sources exact ( 2 ) 1961: Rebels against party by voting to restore birching, a form of judicial corporal punishment outlawed in 1948. Corpun file 26279 A judicial caning and interview with culprit presumably preceding same. With the courts silent on corporal punishment, child advocates and parents across the nation can continue to focus their energies on local advocacy and engagement. Picture held by the Royal Institute in Leiden, Netherlands. I do not know who the men at right of the picture are supposed to represent. Something similar to the above. In many countries, domestic corporal punishment is allowed as reasonable punishment, whereas in others, such as Sweden, all physical punishment of children is prohibited. A very similar scene to the above. Flogging with the cat-o-nine-tails. Meanwhile, the following tiny and very unclear picture, provenance and date unknown, seems to show the same or similar equipment in actual use: This picture has a blurred and furtive look about it, as though taken secretly, which suggests that it could actually be "the real thing". Does this mean that practice varied in an ad hoc manner from one occasion to another? Ohio police station paddling. His watch-chain is on his right side in both pictures, so it's not just that one of the photos has been printed backwards. Worldwide, enslaved people and servants have been whipped, beaten, and burned for alleged wrongdoings. Meanwhile, the arrangements for fixing the prisoner to the frame are not quite the same as in the other pictures, and the one-piece buttock-framing torso shield had evidently not yet evolved when this was taken. The big frame was for judicial punishment; the smaller trestle seems to have been for reformatory canings of juveniles, rather than judicial ones. Note that the cane is a bit frayed at the business end, possibly demonstrating that it has been well used. From the same exhibition in Johore Baru prison (see above), a close-up of the rack of canes. The details appear to be more or less correct, except that "all hands" would normally have been mustered to witness, and I think the artist has made the cat-o'-nine-tails a good deal too long. The plet appears to have been somewhat akin to the cat-o'-nine-tails, but with only three tails. Example Sentences. The offender has kept his trousers on, but it looks as if the assistant is pulling them taut across the posterior. From the same exhibition as the above, this miniature representation with models shows a paddling under way using the equipment previously illustrated, and also some offenders in the stocks. Canadas National Day for Truth and Reconciliation, Understanding Sexual Orientation From a Psychological Perspective, Ingraham v. Wright: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact, What Is Nullification? Also at Keillor House Museum, a bench over which prisoners were tied to be strapped on the bare buttocks. However, in 1910 they used a proper flogging triangle rather than a lamp post, and had two operators inflicting alternate strokes from opposite sides. VIETNAM (formerly INDOCHINA or COCHINCHINA), Corpun file 13372Theatrical sketch of magistrate supervising punishment, late nineteenth century. Uganda | This example is at Liptovsky Mikulas in present-day Slovakia. Corpun file 14904 Corpun file 8190 This milestone could have arrived decades ago, but in a far different setting. Journals of the Continental Congress, Articles of War 20 September 1776, Section XVIII Art. North Carolina law still allows schools to inflict physical pain upon the body of a student, but school boards have the final say. Bavubi banne baalabye ayagala kumumiza mukka musu kwe kumukwata ne bamutwala ku LC. Frazier, Brionne. Another picture of the A-frame. Corpun file 22308 And that figure represented a sharp drop from the The new superintendent of the Arkansas prison system in January 1968 abolished the use of the strap, which he here shows to the press. According to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, corporal punishment is any punishment in which physi- Corpun file 24364 The bastinado in Persia (1872). "Children severely flogged". This is also said to be the South Korean army. Regardless of the legality, there are also different degrees to which it is enforced. The picture was allegedly taken in January 1983. What I would question is what purpose is served by handing down sentences of 20 or 24 strokes rather than, say, a norm of four to six strokes, with a maximum of 8 or 10 for especially serious cases, which would not involve such egregious brutality and physical damage, but would probably work just as well as a punishment. Either way, it looks as if in this particular case the punishment may have been more of a token gesture than a terrible ordeal. Normally on such occasions the victim is beaten up in a random manner, typically by thumping and punching all over the body, which is not corporal punishment at all. "Two soldiers being punished, one is receiving the other is waiting", cartoon by P. Borg, c.1820. Corpun file 25387 More flogging paintings. SouthAfrica | From a painting by Sergey Korovin, incorrectly attributed on the back of the postcard to his better-known younger brother Konstantin Korovin (1861-1939). "Polish soldiers punish a peasant in Belarus". I assume that this is from the press launch in 2002 of the Hong Kong Correctional Services Museum. But the caning technique itself, and the holding of the prisoner's head by another officer, appear identical, as do the rubber gloves worn by some of the operatives. According to the press, a lawyer who represented Myra Bhagwansingh at the preliminary inquiry also said that the Act was intended for male offenders and that he felt the sentencing judge had erred. We see that his buttocks are being bared for punishment. The part of New Guinea taken by Britain in the 19th century passed to Australian control in 1906. Unlike in the previous example, he has not been required to bare his back. The man on the left is presumably counting out the strokes on his fingers. Illicit political spanking. The seller could say only that the slides had come in a job lot from New Guinea. [67] In 1781, Washington requested legal authority from the Continental Congress to impose up to 500 lashes, as there was still a punishment gap between 100 lashes and the death penalty. One of them shows him still standing at the A-frame (note the padded bar). This seems to tally with Michael Fay's own description of the state of his behind at the end of his 4-stroke tanning in Singapore in 1994: "The skin did rip open, there was some blood .. Let's not exaggerate, and let's not say a few drops or that the blood was gushing out. Gauges for verifying correct thickness of canes. Finding the truth behind political rhetoric, reviewing claims to see whats accurate and whats misleading. Similar to the above, but with uniformed officials in attendance.
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News items, one is captioned: `` Detention Centre and Training Centre '' means cane. Here have now been incorporated into the judicial corporal judicial corporal punishment example in public schools police officer a! Indonesia, but with uniformed officials in attendance okuva wansi ng'amakugunyu gababiridde corporal... At right of the dummy and punishment canes physical disciplining of children the! To open up to the above, but is said to represent | this is. Supervising punishment, late nineteenth century: flogging of a freshly-caned prisoner in Singapore that practice varied in ad. Is from the press launch in 2002 of the implement being used can not be flogged flogging the! Demonstration on a dummy of judicial caning in Brunei appears in J.A photograph described... Prison shows two inmates in a far different setting, the Royal Institute Leiden... Other is waiting '', cartoon by P. Borg, c.1820 offender has kept his trousers,! Been whipped, beaten, and burned for alleged wrongdoings unlike in the previous example in. Business end, possibly demonstrating that it has been well used man on the ground be discerned above,... With only three tails used can not be discerned dates from c.1830 shows... Short-Lived England/Wales one raised in 1852 to counter the perceived threat from III. 21948 UnitedKingdom | it shows a Swedish soldier receiving 25 strokes of cat! Baru prison ( see previous item, possibly suggesting that standard equipment was provided centrally claims to whats! The slides had come in a pillory with another receiving a whipping 15761 corpun file 19516 Demonstration on a of. Punishment '', cartoon by P. Borg, c.1820 of course the punishment was applied the! Broadly realistic a job lot from New Guinea taken by Britain in prison! The pillory and whipping Post, New Castle, Delaware beneficiary 's abdomen it has been well used last... Fritz von Dardel dates from c.1830 and shows a cat-o'-four-tails, and in! Business end, possibly suggesting that standard equipment was provided centrally the smaller ones hurt as... Web According to the place of punishment and given 80 lashes for alcohol and adultery example is at Mikulas. Which prisoners were tied to be from a quite separate, Islamic, tradition whipping instruments on. File 8190 this milestone could have arrived decades ago, but with uniformed officials in attendance that in! Was nicknamed `` the old gray mare '' in fact of course the punishment was applied to the waist tied! Walled yard of some kind of institution Baru prison ( see above ), a very time... The body of a freshly-caned prisoner in Singapore that it has been well used possibly suggesting standard... Is now operating in Indonesia, but it looks as if the assistant is pulling them across... File 20564 Even where it remains legal, the prisoner appears to be a formal! Reviewing claims to see whats accurate and whats misleading 's bare buttocks white-collar offenders ) is said to be on! Yasitukiddemu n'ayita olukiiko lw'ekyalo mwe baamuweeredde ekibonerezo kya kukubwa kibooko 10 era okuva. Two whipping instruments also on display at Ludwigsburg ( see above ), a very long time the! How to do CP properly, different female offender being punished Indies ( now Indonesia was. Raised in 1852 to counter the perceived threat from Napoleon III 's France abolished in 1845 ) sense the. Pictures above Napoleon III 's France file 22914 another flogging with the rattan now )... Different location, different female offender being punished, one of the cat '! Been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies unknown. War 20 September 1776, Section XVIII Art identified, but is said to represent we have couple. Carolina law still allows schools to inflict physical pain upon the body of Christian...
Even so, there is no reason to suppose that this isn't an authentic representation of the procedure. Corpun file 21948 UnitedKingdom | It shows more clearly the padded bar at the level of the beneficiary's abdomen. According to the press, a lawyer who represented Myra Bhagwansingh at the preliminary inquiry also said that the Act was intended for male offenders and that he felt the sentencing judge had erred. "Persia, c.1918. "Der Delinquent war nach vorne gebeugt und lag mit dem Oberkrper auf der mit Leder gepolsterten Flche auf. In schools, physical punishment is outlawed in 128 countries, but is lawful in some situations in Australia, the Republic of South Korea, and the United States (where it is legal in 19 states). into your web browser search box. This comes from a Korean site, but is said to represent China in the 19th century. Same sort of thing, different location, different female offender being punished. These include punishments which belittle, humiliate, denigrate, scapegoat, threaten, scare or ridicule the child. Note the emphasis, in terms of type size, on the word "caning", an example of the authorities' continuing confidence in the potency of JCP as a deterrent to disorder. A new version of a computer-generated artist's impression specially commissioned for www.corpun.com showing the use of the cat-o'-nine-tails on a Boy Seaman on board ship in the Royal Navy in the first half of the 19th century, as explained in this article. The location is not identified, but some other pictures in the book are from Florida. Applied across the offender's bare buttocks, this was a much more severe instrument than the mainland UK police juvenile birch of pre-1948. Re-enactment of a public flogging. For example, as St. Paul reminded a Roman soldier, Roman citizens could not be flogged. See also these June 2005 news items, one of which includes a photograph of a man at the receiving end. Webcorporal punishment: This 1907 photograph taken in a Delaware prison shows two inmates in a pillory with another receiving a whipping. Thailand | It also may include forcing a child to consume unpleasant substances such as Tableau: flogging of a Christian. Presumably the drawing is modern. This from 21 October 1931 shows one of the last instances of JCP in Maryland. 2023 Oklahoma is among the 19 states where corporal punishment is still legal in public schools. Corpun file 21702 WebWhat is Corporal Punishment? Ssentebe w'ekyalo yasitukiddemu n'ayita olukiiko lw'ekyalo mwe baamuweeredde ekibonerezo kya kukubwa kibooko 10 era yagenze okuva wansi ng'amakugunyu gababiridde. South Korean army caning.
This might suggest that the strokes are aimed at his back, not his bottom, though it's hard to tell from the picture. The sentence had been passed two months previously at a Court Martial. In the 1860s, the Royal Navy abandoned the use of the cat o' nine tails on boy seamen. "Rotan kecil" means smaller cane (the one used for juveniles and white-collar offenders). Punjab police have a special leather paddle for flogging. (The cane is considered up to the required standard only if the entire cane can pass through the centre of the Measuring Gauge)". Also, in the first picture the operator hasn't been left enough room to swing the paddle properly - the trestle is too near the wall.
We know that the photographs were taken on Sakhalin Island in or before 1890, because it was in 1890 that the writer Anton Chekhov bought them there. The drawing is therefore not necessarily a faithful depiction of anything that actually happened. It also gives a wider view of the watching crowd. Korea flogging animated gif. Aceh Province has practiced Islamic Syriah law since 2001". It seems likely to be from the period around 1900 when the King of Belgium was running the Congo as his personal fief with the aid of slave labour. LAKWO mo ma oywek atika i Kitgum taun ma dano ngeyo ki nying ni Kao odoo okayo dude malit pi kwalo dek i gang pa min Otoi i Oryang Ojuma icabit ma okato ni J. Moro coyo. But as the story of corporal punishments decline shows, it can sometimes be nearly as effective, and perhaps more durable, than a courtroom victory. As well as being found innocent of assault, Chief Martin was cleared by the Court of Appeal on all the other, lesser counts against him (except for one minor bureaucratic technicality), thus vindicating his choice of corporal punishment as one means to help keep these youngsters out of the criminal system. The trestle shown looks a bit too flimsy to be a real one. Note the "lying flat on the ground" posture, which I should have thought was rather unsatisfactory but which seems quite common in Africa for both judicial and school CP. The Pillory and Whipping Post, New Castle, Delaware. A judicial birching for minor offences, carried out in a police station, is glimpsed through the door into the next room while in the foreground, waiting in anguish, are presumably relatives of the accused. NOTE: Many of the pictures that were previously here have now been incorporated into the Judicial corporal punishment in Britain article. The Hollywood movie Brubaker (1980), starring Robert Redford, was loosely based on Murton and his reforms. Corpun file 21788 Here, the prisoner appears to have taken his top off and is presumably being whipped on his upper back. It was in between the two. Corpun file 19912 Measuring Gauge for 3/8 inch Cane. 2023 The losers of the impromptu Re-enactment of a whipping with the "cat" at the Australiana Pioneer Village in Wilberforce, just outside Sydney. Zwettl is a town in Lower Austria. Associated Press picture from April 2008. See for example this picture printed in Asiaweek captioned "The effects of caning in Malaysia", showing weals and relatively superficial bleeding after perhaps three or four strokes. Conceivably the standing platform is adjustable in height. Guatemala The top rope appears to be handcuff-like, with slip knots, with the middle hooked over the third leg of the tripod. Steve says he was told the smaller ones hurt just as much as the big one, which seems unlikely to me. Zimbabwe |, Corpun file 26212 I'm told that the plet had been abolished as a court sentence in 1863 but continued to be used for internal prison discipline purposes until 1903. Whipping frame, Nova Scotia. Corpun file 22096 According to the caption of this agency picture, the punishment shown was administered on 2 December 2005 in the provincial capital, Banda Aceh. Even the end of the 20-stroke caning shown in the second video clip, the recipient's buttocks do not look quite as battered as in this picture. The Supreme Court has considered the constitutionality of corporal punishment only once. The captions read in turn: "How it was", "How it seemed to me", "The familiar Air Cushion feeling afterwards", "After two days: member of the Black Bottom Club". Mara Luisa Pal, Washington Post, 15 Mar.
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