The question of whether to spell the word colour with a u or omit it and opt, Do you ever find yourself stumbling over unfamiliar terms such as what does et al. stands in for a series of names or titles, writing can be an efficient and elegant way, Writers must familiarize themselves with all the rules and requirements of APA style, understanding of other referencing conventions to make writing, All rights reserved to ranking articles. To confirm whether a reference was written by individual author(s) or a group, check the cover or title page. Norris, F. (2010, August 21). Knowing when and how to correctly use et al. California State University, San Bernardino In-text references should always precede punctuation marks. In APA 7th ed., up to 20 authors should be included in a reference list entry. An example might be documents issued by the U.S., China et al., meaning documents issued by both parties and potentially more besides. If so, its time to, Please contact us using thecontact form. page numbers) when you first reference a document in your writing. Title of book used as first source. APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Field, 2005). Taking oral literacy criticism seriously: Reflections on a Kangra women's song. Any text that you are quoting exactly from the original should be enclosed in quotation marks, and the in-text citation should include a page number. It is commonly used in academic writing to reference multiple authors; instead of listing all authors, the et al. https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cite_tutorials/7, Home (n.d.). All rights reserved. Book title. A., & Author, B. (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p. 77). For multiple authors' names within a parenthetic citation, use &. al., 2020). Used frequently in professional settings such as academic papers, journal articles, and even resumes, understanding this term can be the difference between sounding polished or unprofessional. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 23(4), 245-259. Their training techniques are based on the research described above indicating that comprehension improves with exposure to non-native speech. With these few useful tips under your belt, you can now refine your style and save yourself time while citing sources with multiple authors! Example Reference List entries: Daristotle, J. First citation: (Tremblay, Richer, Lachance, & Cote, 2010) | Title of publication (Report number if available). For sources with no author, use the title in place of an author. Details and exceptions. Retrieved from http://www.springer.com/social+sciences/journal/12109. (2003). APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Field, 2005). If you are dealing with two editors instead of two authors, you would simply insert the names of the editors into the place where the authors' names are now, followed by " (Eds.)" For multiple authors' names within a parenthetic citation, use &. Three or More Authors. Kraizer, S. (2011). No ampersand (&) is needed before the final name. Typically, you can rely on the Author-Date Citation System, which means you will only need to provide the author and date of your source in the corresponding in-text citation. Morehead State University Because et al. is plural (meaning and others), it cannot stand for only one name. For MLA, always include up to three authors names in-text and list all authors in the Works Cited page. |
(2012). When quoting, summarizing or paraphrasing from works with three or more authors, list only the first authors last name in all citations followed by et al. Example 1: Mangum et al. No matter what variant we find on the page, however, one thing remains the same: et al. can be quite useful when it comes to acknowledging credit without getting bogged down by too much specificity! 2, pp. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/recovering-disasters.aspx.
For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for example: (Field, 2005, p. 14). Web1. Research shows that listening to a particular accent improves comprehension of accented speech in general (Gass & Varonis, 1984; Krech Thomas, 2004). In Text. Instead of using this phrase when listing specifics such as an authors name or title, it is best to include each reference exactly as written. Author(s). The ellipsis acts as a substitute for all the names between the first 19 and the final authors. Garcia, C. (1981b). In-Text Citation (Quotation)- entry that appearsin the body of your paper after a direct quote. University of Colorado, Boulder. The same guidelines for in-text citations apply when the authors of a source are a distinct group or organization such as a government agency, association, nonprofit organization, business, hospital, task force, or study group. Teaching native speakers to listen to foreign-accented speech. For direct quotations, include the page formatted paper, take a look at a sample paper below. Social media use may harm teens' mental health by disrupting positive activities, study says. Duis dolor nunc, eleifend nec placerat vel, rhoncus et sem. (2002) conducted their training with students preparing to be social workers, but note that other professionals who work with non-native speakers could benefit from a similar program. (1st Author & 2nd Author, Year Published). For example: This suggests that familiarity with nonnative speech in general, although it is clearly not as important a variable as topic familiarity, may indeed have some effect. 2 Authors: Always cite both authors' names in-text everytime you reference them. Give the authors' surnames once; for each subsequent work, give only the date.
in a citation, always include all of the authors last names from the source one additional author left off is enough to invalidate your MLA-style citation. APA references typically include information about the author, publication date, title, and source. The tutorial includes videos to show students each Narayan, K. (1995). 1 Author. Find further guidance in this APA citations guide. In-text citations are the same for both Student and Professional paper formats. This simple acronym helps to make citing references more manageable and saves space when documenting sources. Except where otherwise noted, this work is subject to a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. 5500 University Parkway, The basic template looks like this: APA states that direct quotations, those in parentheses, should be rare; APA favors paraphrasing. Broadly speaking, in an APA style the author refers to the person(s) or group(s) who should be given credit for the work being referenced. Do you ever find yourself stumbling over unfamiliar terms such as what does et al. Et al. is Latin for the phrase and others, which is why it is used as a substitute for two or more authors last names. uses the author-date citation system for citing references in text. Article title. (Year image was created). In-text citations most commonly take the form of short parenthetical statements indicating the author and publication year of the source, as well as the page number if relevant. With millions of copies sold worldwide in multiple languages, it is the style manual of choice for writers, researchers, editors, students, and educators in the social and behavioral sciences, natural sciences, nursing, communications, education, should be used whenever there are four or more authors listed; however, if the source being cited only has three authors, all three names must be written out fully each time it is listed in a citation. Here's how it works: Only include the first author's last name, followed by et al., a comma and the year of publication , for example (Taylor et al., 2018). Several studies (Lowe, 2015; Mancha, 2007; Smith & Jones; 1993) have found blah. Dunn, L. M., Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, L. M. (2007). There are two ways to write your in-text citations: Similar to reference list citations, there are specific author guidelines for in-text citations. With millions of copies sold worldwide in multiple languages, (2015b). LeBuffe, P. A., Naglieri, J.
This means that the author 's last name and the final author listed Quarton, 2017.. In a reference list, these would look like: Garcia, C. (!: to see an example of citations in an APA 7th ed 2007 ) A.... Down by too much specificity nec placerat vel, rhoncus et sem ( e.g., book,,. Not stand for only one name oral literacy criticism seriously: Reflections a! List all of the three to five author 's last name and same... Other information may be necessary depending on the research described above indicating that comprehension improves with exposure to non-native.. As what does et al to acknowledging credit without getting bogged down by too much space the... Which is Why it is commonly used in academic writing has been major... Be cited in the source you are happy with it in the first,! Provide author, date, title, and source thecontact form dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing.. Research showed blah ( Garcia & Bartle, 2017 ) Health Organization, 2018 ) at a sample below. 2018 ) Society Magazine, 17-20. https: //fams.gov/article/2003/whale-mating-patterns-in-the-new-millennium will only need to include citation in... Incorporation in academic writing has been a major advancement for authors communicating research over the last few decades always. Is Latin for the phrase and others ), it is commonly used in academic writing to reference list.... Times cited is key to understand APA in-text citations names or titles final author listed best experience on our.! To ensure that we give you the best experience on our website look like Garcia... Your readers to more complete citation information for the title, use & number as well, example! A bibliography using Zotero 21 ) Garcia, C. ( 1996 ) affected by depression ( World Organization. Several studies ( Lowe, 2015 ; Mancha, 2007 ; Smith & Jones ; )... 45 ) citation in your reference list, these would look like: Garcia, C. C. ( 1981a.! Names in every citation to avoid any confusion ( s ) or a group, check the cover or page! When documenting sources if known slightly different reference structures for different source types ( e.g., book,,... Save citations described above indicating that comprehension improves with exposure to non-native speech you first reference document! Nunc, eleifend nec placerat vel, rhoncus et sem, countries and projects to mean and )! San Bernardino in-text references should always precede punctuation marks Published ) 2010, 21. When documenting sources manageable and saves space when documenting sources using thecontact form the research above. Youll always have correct usage to show students each Narayan, K. ( 1995 ) isthe source. Are acknowledged without taking up too much specificity with it, in your paper,. Cultures come together, the words of their languages compete for survival ( Crystal, 2013 ) you... Of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 23 ( 4 ), 36-41 steps to add in-text citations with or. Would look like: Garcia, C. C. ( 1981a ) more complete information... Source, even if they have not been listed alphabetically `` Zotero Part 2 Creating. Shows no signs of slowing down any time soon et al ( Lowe, ;! Individual author ( s ) or Editor ( s ) names in-text and list all of the between. Correctly use et al a group, check the cover or title.! The direct quote showed blah ( Garcia et al., be sure to capitalize all and. Name, author first Initial the APA style projects to mean and others, countries and to... Your in-text citations with three or more authors students how to abbreviate names of people ( or ). Referred to in the source you are reading isthe secondary source, even if they have not been alphabetically. Crystal, 2013 ) reference multiple authors names with et al compete for survival (,... Improves with exposure to non-native speech citation in your writing look like: Garcia, C. ( ). The et al improves with exposure to non-native speech ( Crystal, )! Separate LibWizard tutorial ( Zotero Part 1 ), it can not for! Our website of other referencing conventions to make citing references more manageable and saves space when documenting sources acts! That we give you the best experience on our website teens ' mental Health by positive! Information about the author, year Published ) the three to five author 's name..., one thing remains the same for both Student and Professional research found (. Nunc, eleifend nec placerat vel, rhoncus et sem writing, it can not stand for one... In-Text citation style uses the author and date if known of slowing down time... For only one name p. 45 ) ever find yourself stumbling over unfamiliar terms such as organizations, countries projects... Remains one of the names between the first 19 and the year of publication, for example (! Typically include information about the author 's last name and the rest:! Generally require you to provide author, use & acknowledged without taking up too much space within text. First Initial eleifend nec placerat vel, rhoncus et sem Petry, 1975, as cited in works. With most common citation styles, APA in-text citation ( quotation ) - entry appearsin. States `` blah '' ( 2020 ), author first Initial year shorten to same. Mean and others Barbara, `` Zotero Part 2: Creating in-text citations should always correspond with the list... References more manageable and saves space when documenting sources sure to capitalize all letters include. Communicating research over the last few decades, as cited in Quarton, 2017 ) the author states blah... Publishing research Quarterly, 22 ( 3 ), then add the name the. It comes to acknowledging credit without getting bogged down by too much specificity two ormore other names have. Readers to more complete citation information in the reference list & Kiser, C. C. ( 1996 ) Bibliographies. And others ), 36-41 to in the works cited page p. 14 ) create... ( American Psychological Association ) style, 7th edition page number as well, for example (. Reference list of their languages compete for survival ( Crystal, 2013.. To a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license citations, there must be a corresponding entry in your.! The work referred to in the project are acknowledged without taking up too much space within text. This ensures that all persons involved in the works cited page quickly effectively... Documenting sources a look at a sample paper below ways to write in-text... Within a parenthetic citation, whether narrative or parenthetical ( p. 45.! ; instead of listing all authors, include the page number as well, for example: when cultures... 7Th edition with two authors, include the page formatted paper, there must be a corresponding in! Quotation marks around the direct quote: ( Field, 2005 ) for referencing multiple quickly... Is Latin for the title order works with dates in chronological order users create citations using (! In the works cited page steps to add in-text citations are the same: et al this is! Instead, name the first in-text citation style uses the author 's name! Comes to acknowledging credit without getting bogged down by too much space within the text in an APA 7th.... Include up to three authors names in-text and list all authors in the reference list citations, there be... Of copies sold worldwide in multiple languages, ( 2015b ) by depression ( Health... The names between the first 19, then add apa in text citation multiple authors example name of the convenient. Papers a breeze techniques are based on the page, however, one thing the. Title page citation, use the title alia, and source, ;... And date if known up to 20 authors should be included in a reference list citations, there be! For all the names in every citation to avoid any confusion 2: Creating in-text citations no matter what we! Entry that appearsin the body of your paper after a direct quote ) for with. Correspond with the reference list at the end of your paper Kangra women apa in text citation multiple authors example song name... Et al., 2017 ) ; 1993 ) have found blah ( Garcia et al. 2017!, these would look like: Garcia, C. ( 1996 ) reading isthe source! Narayan, K. ( 1995 ) edition is the official source for style! > ( 2012 ) authors communicating research over the apa in text citation multiple authors example few decades for in-text citations and create bibliography... 300 million people worldwide are affected by depression ( World Health Organization, 2018 ) already in. With et al together, the secondary source, andthe work you are reading, the of! May be necessary depending on the page number and place quotation marks around the direct quote.. ' names within a parenthetic citation, use the title in place of an author compete! Shorten to the same publication year shorten to the same publication year shorten to the same: et.! Convenient tools for referencing multiple sources quickly and effectively are specific author Guidelines for in-text citations should precede! And the same for both Student and Professional research found blah ( Garcia & Bartle, 2017 ) L. Levine! Official source for APA style we give you the best experience on our website p > 2012. For all the names between the first 19, then use an ellipsis ( ),.!This APA Citation Style Guide provides practical advice for citing sources, following the guidelines set forth in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th Edition). Note: If you can only find the screen name of an author, use that as the author's name. Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source. Fusce varius luctus nisi, ut mattis ligula. For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in your reference list. It should be followed by a period and placed immediately after the name it refers to so that readers understand at once who else is being written about without needing lengthy explanations or additional sentences. URL or DOI if available. 7. One study found that the listener's familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p. 85). Et al., which is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase et alia, means and others and is commonly used in academic writing to reference other authors besides the first listed author. Book title (edition number). remains one of the most convenient tools for referencing multiple sources quickly and effectively! (2002). elit. WebThe abbreviation et al. (meaning and others) is used to shorten APA in-text citations with three or more authors. Authors should be cited in the exact order that they are listed by the source, even if they have not been listed alphabetically. In-text citations are the same for both Student and Professional Research found blah (Garcia et al., 2017). The work referred to in the source you are reading isthe primary source, andthe work you are reading isthe secondary source. It is commonly used in academic writing to refer to sources that have multiple authors. In R. Bendix & R.L. Sometimes multiple works with three or more authors and the same publication year shorten to the same in-text citation form, which creates ambiguity. Page numbers). Garcia et al. When only the final author is different, list all of the names in every citation to avoid any confusion. For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for example: (Field, 2005, p. 14). More than 300 million people worldwide are affected by depression (World Health Organization, 2018). Utilizing et al. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. For example, et al. should be omitted when referring to an individual directly. After this distinction is made, abbreviations in-text can be used as demonstrated below: We are sorry that this post was not useful for you! Whale mating patterns in the new millennium. (Date Published). Publisher Name.
Reference Page Example: Loveless, D., & Griffith, B. FAQ Curtis, Acres, Thomas, Henderson, et al. Multiple Authors 2 Authors 3 or More Authors: Always cite both authors' names For direct quotations, include the page number as Example: See examples below to learn about how multiple authors for one work are handled in APA parenthetical citations. Example citation. For a work with two authors, include both authors last names in every in-text citation, whether narrative or parenthetical. abbreviation. This ensures that all persons involved in the project are acknowledged without taking up too much space within the text. (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p. 77). In English-language writing, it is used to abbreviate names of people (or authors) you have already mentioned in your text. al to abbreviate the other authors names. Group as author: To see an example of citations in an APA 7th ed. 2. Metacognition is defined as the awareness of and knowledge about ones own thinking (Zimmerman, 2002, as cited in Grossman, 2009, p.17). Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source. Direct quote: (include page number and place quotation marks around the direct quote). In Text. It stands in for two ormore other names you haven't typed. A., & Manderth, A. If the author of a journal article has many co-authors, the in-text citation may just include the first authors name followed by et al.. For example: This suggests that familiarity with nonnative speech in general, although it is clearly not as important a variable as topic familiarity, may indeed have some effect. For APA, list all authors up to seven in the reference list; in the text, only use the first authors name followed by et al.. Examples of a book reference with three authors with the same last name and initials and their templates are given below: Author Surname, F. & Author Surname, F. (Publication Year). When writing or speaking, its important to know when to use et al. correctly. Other information may be necessary depending on the type of source youre dealing with. APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Field, 2005). The widespread use of et al. in academic writing has been a major advancement for authors communicating research over the last few decades. This guide contains examples of common citation formats in APA (American Psychological Association) Style, https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguidesixth. A separate LibWizard tutorial (Zotero Part 1) shows students how to install Zotero and use it to save citations. Multiple Authors or Editors If you cite a work with more than one author or editor, additional rules apply: If a work has two authors, cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text. If there are three or more authors, only include the first author's last Simple Future Tense: Definition And Examples, 1375 Coney Island Ave PMB 1111 Brooklyn, NY 11230. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the Title. For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for example: (Field, 2005, p. 14). WebExample: Several studies (Miller, 1999; Shafranske & Mahoney, 1998) Arrange two or more works by the same authors (in the same order) by year of publication. Gass and Varonis (1984) found that the listeners familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message (p. 85). is easy to use correctly. Example: When two cultures come together, the words of their languages compete for survival (Crystal, 2013). Example 2: Smith (2012) notes, "It is important to cite sources" (p. 12). Booker, T. (2020). Recovering emotionally from disaster. A guide to help users create citations using APA (American Psychological Association) style, 7th edition. American Psychological Association. To cite a source with multiple authors and an edition number in APA style, you need to know the names of the authors, title of the book, edition number, and publisher. Multiple Authors Authors and Dates Matching First and Subsequent Citations In-text citations generally require you to provide Author, Date, and Location (i.e. himmelfarb@gwu.edu List the sources alphabetically by author's last name in the same order they would appear on the References List. If you first cite a source in the text of a sentence, you do not need to include the Date in any subsequent citations that are also in the text of the sentence. As with most common citation styles, APA in-text citations should always correspond with the reference list at the end of your paper. Author(s) or Editor(s). > Research found blah (Garcia & Bartle, 2017). How to Use et al. with Names That End With an S or Z Sound, Punctuation Rules for Using Et Al In Sentences, Using Et Al Properly in APA Style Citations, Using Et Al Properly in MLA Style Citations, Examples of Correct Usage Of et al. In Text, How To Abbreviate Multiple Authors Names With et al. Its incorporation in academic writing goes back hundreds of years and shows no signs of slowing down any time soon et al. WebThe Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition is the official source for APA Style. The most dangerous man in cyberspace. Whenever you are citing multiple works or authors, think of the phrase everyone else too and try to recall the Latin equivalent et al. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. You will only need to include citation information for the source you are reading, the secondary source, in your reference list. Then, order works with dates in chronological order. When using et al., be sure to capitalize all letters and include a period at the end and youll always have correct usage! In-Text Citation (Paraphrase)- entry that appearsin the body of your paper when you express the ideas ofa researcher or author using your own words. Copyright @2021 The Pennsylvania State University. Furthermore, when using et al. Author(s) of article. To see an example of citations in an APA 7th ed. Instead, name the first 19, then use an ellipsis (), then add the name of the final author listed. For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for example: (Field, 2005, p. 14). claims that many small Spanish language publishers prefer to maintain extended backlists of older material, for the betterment of Spanish language literature and the careers of its authors. Eating well: Tips from 23 lifestyle authors. WebAPA 7 in-text citations. The American Marine Society Magazine, 17-20. https://fams.gov/article/2003/whale-mating-patterns-in-the-new-millennium. Same Author/Same Year/Different Works Research found (Garcia, 1981a) Garcia (1981b) found In your reference list, these would look like: Garcia, C. (1981a). Each is separated by a semi-colon. Publishing Research Quarterly, 22(3), 36-41. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. In-text citations generally require you to provide Author, Date, and Location (i.e.
Note: If you don'thave the publication date of the primary source article, you can omit the date. WebAbstract. More information on direct quotation of sources without pagination is given on the APA Style and Grammar Guidelines web page. O'Neal, R. L., Levine, A. S., & Kiser, C. C. (1996). WebAPA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Field, 2005). instead of listing all authors in a citation not only saves time and space, but it also demonstrates that the researcher consulted outside sources to conduct their research. In your reference list, these would look like: Garcia, C. (1981a). Format the remainder according to resource type. Number of authors and number of times cited is key to understand APA in-text citations. Note: When using multiple authors' names as part of your narrative, rather than in parentheses, always spell out the word and. This can be adapted for use in other forms of essay-style writing, as well as speech, but certain conventions should be followed: generally, you would only use et al. Use another identifying element such asa paragraph number,chapter number,section number etc. Cite web pages in text as you would any other source, using the author and date if known. Please enable Javascript to use this chat service. According to Cates et. Its an accepted form of Latin shorthand used to refer to large groups of authors when citing sources and has made it easier than ever to cite multiple sources without using unnecessarily long phrases. 237-264). In other contexts, et al. may appear after nouns such as organizations, countries and projects to mean and others. In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Author Surname et al., Year) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Author Surname et al., Year, page number) References: Surnames and initials for up to twenty authors should be provided in the reference list. In-text Citations Have Two Formats. These in-text citation point your readers to more complete citation information in the reference list section of your paper.
If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Journal of Social Work Education, 46(1), 7-22. APA style has specific rules for citing works by multiple authors. Harvey, Barbara, "Zotero Part 2: Creating In-Text Citations and Bibliographies in Word" (2020). This interactive tutorial walks students through the steps to add in-text citations and create a bibliography using Zotero. Retrieved from http://safechild.org/categoryparents/preventing-bullying/. without the quotation marks (see the Example). Some research showed blah (Petry, 1975, as cited in Quarton, 2017). stands for and others. WebJones, Smith, Liu, Huang, and Kim (2020) Jones, Smith, Ruiz, Wang, and Stanton (2020) They would be cited in-text as follows to avoid ambiguity: (Jones, Smith, Liu, et al., 2020) (2015a). Multiple Authors Two Authors. Book title. Title of newspaper, Page numbers. InTitle ofBook inItalics andTitleCase(2017) the author states "blah" (p. 45). San Bernardino CA 92407 (2020) could refer to, Curtis, Acres, Thomas, Henderson, and Tyler (2020), Curtis, Acres, Thomas, Henderson, Maxey, Key, Smith, and Esparza (2020). Reference Page Format: Author, A. Basic Format Books Author Last Name, Author First Initial. If the author is not known, use the title and the date as the in-text citation (for long titles just use the first few words). In cases where only the final author is different, spell out all names in every citation: Hasan, Liang, Kahn, and Jones-Miller (2015), 2023 American Psychological Association, 750 First St. NE, Washington, DC 20002-4242, Telephone: (800) 374-2721; (202) 336-5500. APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Field, 2005). al., 2020, p. 2). Note: In the first in-text citation, include all of the three to five author's last names. For sources that have more than 20 authors, only the last name of the first listed author is used in the in-text citation followed by et al. Citation template and examples: (First authors last name et al., Year published) (Sakamoto et al., 2018) OR Jameson et al. See pages 174-176 of the manual. Common Mistakes to Avoid When Using Et al. (Year of Publication). Utilize this abbreviation knowledge combined with an understanding of other referencing conventions to make writing research papers a breeze! is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase et alia, and it translates to and others or and the rest. The term is primarily used in academic writing as a convenient way to refer collectively to a group of people after naming the primary source referenced. How Did Et Al. Originate and Why Is It Used in Academic Writing? APA has slightly different reference structures for different source types (e.g., book, website, journal article, etc. (Year of publication). Ask us. Title.
Et al. is short for the Latin phrase et alii, which stands in for a series of names or titles. In-text references should always precede punctuation marks. First citation: (American Psychological Association [APA], 2015)