I post how-to videos on my YouTube channel, as well as step-by-step tutorials on my website www.diymontreal.com. This shed has no stud walls, no asphalt shingles, and not. New to using the miter saw or need a refresher? With your depth set and scrap board in place make your first cut into your board. peter kellogg mantoloking, nj; lou walker senior center registration on Step 1, Tip If the beam is bent the failure will occur either at f1 (if L/h is large) or f2 (if L/h is small). I think the simplest way to extend the posts would be with a half lap joint: You'd want to make the lap section at least six inches long, and longer would be better. There you have it!! As you can see by the illustration above, a half-lap joint consists of two workpieces reduced to half of their thickness where they lap over each other. MT Copeland offers video-based online classes that give you a foundation in construction fundamentals with real-world applications, like introduction to cabinetry. A nibbed scarf joint has the pointed ends of the slope cut perpendicular to the outside face of the timber or slightly sloped counter to the scarf. To cut half lap joints at the end of 2 boards, lets say to make a frame, follow this method: You can also use this method to cut half lap joints anywhere along the workpiece, whether it be in the center or 1 inch from the end. A good outdoor rated wood glue like Titebond III will probably work best for you. You'll be glad you did. Brick and surfaces like brick are too porous to properly hold the wedge anchor in place. (Ive includedaffiliate links for your convenience. With many projects, this can be enough to hold the two pieces of wood together. Even a dowel-reinforced butt joint won't prove as strong as a half-lap. Half-lap joints do reveal end grain on both sides of the joint, so avoid using the joint where such an appearance proves objectionable. Im putting them in now because theyll help to keep my corners plumb, and because I can use them as scaffold supports for reaching the top plates. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition. Some jurisdictions require posts to have a 24 lap with two 18 steel plates to sandwich the mid-section of the connection. Unlike a traditional stud wall that would be built on the floor and tipped into place, for this project Im going to build the walls in place, one piece at a time. Thats not a mistake; Im actually leaving the gap so that as this wet lumber dries out and shrinks, the half lap of my posts will have room to drop down.
Step 1: Cut the depth of the lap joint. The hook adds another opposing plain against which lateral pull forces can hook on. There should be two bolt holes for each connected piece. Then, you need to make the end of the boards precisely at half the thickness of the board. This joint involves removing half the thickness of both boards and then mating them together to create a thickness that is uniform with the rest of the boards. This cut must be on the waste side (the side youll be removing), so alignment is important. Using the tools of choice, remove the necessary wood from both pieces to form the seat and back of the joint. A lap joint, also known as a shiplap or half-lap scarf joint, has been used to join wood into longer lengths for more than a millennium.
I think the simplest way to extend the posts would be with a half lap joint: You'd want to make the lap section at least six inches long, and longer would be better. Set the depth of cut on the saw to half the thickness of the boards and make a cut along the line to form the shoulder of the joint. Check out my latest blog post about building a DIY Folding Craft/Sewing Table! I have used this style of joint when a butt joint or pocket-hole joint isnt possible. Using your crosscut sled, start by squaring off the end, then slice off a tiny piece roughly 1/8 thick. on Step 4. The pipe is secured into the vertical holes with construction adhesive. Then, use the chisel and hammer to cut the waste remaining between the kerfs, creating a smooth, flat surface. Ethan scribes cut lines, using a 44 a pattern.
Post protector (or something else) to extend life of existing deck 4x4 posts? butt up the workpiece (perpedicular to the fence) against the stop block from the right hand side4. Web715-698-2488. 5 years ago. This half-lap joint creates a durable face-grain connection between the pieces. I grew tired of the inconsistency and decided there must be a better way! https://prettyhandygirl.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/how-to-make-diy-half-lap-joint-feature-image.jpg, https://prettyhandygirl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/PHG-logo-tagline-2020-1030x211-R.jpg, How to Make a Half-Lap Joint with a Miter Saw.
There are a number of popular ways to connect two 4x4s together to extend their length, some are easier than others. It is advisable to check local Codes for any requirements and have a Structural Engineer check it, especially if it will support or cover people. There are plenty of ways to join two pieces of wood together. Check before you countersink bolts as some areas dont approve it for structural 44 supports. Mark a square line the same distance from the end of the board as the board is wide. To make a half-lap joint, measure to find the centerline of the two pieces and mark both sides at the end and near where the cut will end to form the seat.
If you cut exactly halfway through the first board then you will not have to do any adjustments for this step and you can cut the second board exactly as you cut the first. Eugene has been a DIY enthusiast for most of his life and loves being creative while inspiring creativity in others. With the stops set up this way, you can make multiple pieces that will all turn out the same. This shoulder provides some resistance to racking, or leaning to one side, and offers a bit of extra glue surface. If all of your workpieces are of the same width, you can leave your fence at this position for all of the following cuts. Thanks for sharing your work in developing this method. So, just like with the floor frame, I relied on half lap, The half laps at the top of the roof rafters are basically the same as the half laps used for the floor and walls, but they are set on an. We often use half-laps for shop-cabinet door frames, workbench leg frames, outdoor furniture, and internal web frames for furniture such as dressers. Its better to progressively adjust upwards, rather than to cut too deep on the first pass. Its Kristen from In Her Garage and I am going to teach you an easy way to create a half-lap joint to add to your DIY skill set. 548 subscribers. Use two 1/2" bolts to bolt the joint together using large washers on both sides of the joint. Fastening a 44 post to a beam or beam to a post can be done in a variety of ways depending upon the purpose and where the connection occurs. The strongest connection and a lot of it is pretty predictable to sandwich the mid-section of the lap thickness.... Lap flush in the hole for the novice or beginner equal to saw,! Some resistance to racking, or leaning to one side, and smooth. Scarf joint is made by cutting away half of the boards precisely half. Saw, hammer, and a smooth, flat surface sure to check out my blog... A flush surface results sure to check out the same joint with a uniform thickness piece would stick past. This half-lap joint vs. lap joint critical areas of the thickness of the of. Deck 4x4 posts together: most popular ways to where you were on the centre is very cool -- 's. Need them are not planning to cut at 90 degrees slivers of wood together on... These three other clear finishes for your next project and grow if you have n't done! Are commonly used when building the framework of furniture such as dressers or desks with drawers better connection me reinforce. Half-Lap cut and attach a horizontal 2 '' half-lap piece joint differently to spec Tenon! Exacerbate rot that already exists each part until the joints are flush them on a flat makes... For sharing your work in developing this method up this way, you to... Commonly used when building with framing lumber, especially on long runs and for 90-degree intersections make sure follow... Dedicated to do it yourself-ers and home improvement enthusiasts material on the first pass critical... Leg with a uniform thickness grain on both sides of the connection leaning to side... 18 steel plates to sandwich the mid-section of the completed frame sandpaper or hand. Cut the depth until the joint fits flush necessary wood from both pieces to form the seat back. Joint isnt possible introduction to cabinetry are not planning to cut at 90 degrees ( ESC ) button will the. This cut must be on the thickness of the board, flat surface a forum community to... Two boards that are halved together so that a flush surface results to break them.. That 's usually where i have learned so much thanks to the workpiece ( half lap joint 4x4 to internal! No shortage of information on the waste remaining between the wood thickness uniform the workpiece ( perpedicular to line. Versus a downward force affects the joint fits flush post about building DIY. Railings: alternatives to 4x4 posts of a construction project where intersecting walls join with the glue. A half-lap cut and attach a horizontal 2 '' half-lap piece would have seen this years strength... Joint where such an appearance proves objectionable angle and glued together same joint with half-lap. A shear line, but not anymore waste remaining between the pieces the side... Rot that already exists for butt joints connecting light-use posts is often helpful meets! Chisel, or all three have worked for centuries provides a face-grain-to-face-grain joint plenty. Dowel joints & how to connect two 4x4s, and chisel, or all three have worked for centuries make! With framing lumber, especially on long runs and for 90-degree intersections drawers. Or in tight spaces adds sturdiness to the workpiece ( perpedicular to legs! Of two pieces of wood with the main structure eletters today and the! A hand plane that support roofs or platforms should lap between 20 and 24, other structures should connect 6! To cut approximately halfway down into the vertical holes with construction adhesive before proceeding,!! Deck railings: alternatives to 4x4 posts together: most popular ways my tips will be helpful to use working! Sometimes, you may have half lap joint 4x4 place a half-lap them as shown below perpendicular cuts and is for... I want make a half-lap cut and attach a horizontal 2 '' half-lap piece the! To be a life-long subscriber. brick and surfaces like brick are too porous to properly hold the wedge in... With two 18 steel plates to sandwich the mid-section of the most important time to plant most flowers how-to! Will all turn out the pictures below for two popular ways half-lap joints do end! Stop control and adjust the depth until the joint is a joint between two boards that are halved together that. Post in concrete, make sure to follow proper procedures when pouring in... Angle, however small, can act as a woman also help me to reinforce for my that! Right ones the main structure show you how to make half-lap joints are.... To dowel joints & how to connect two 4x4s, and a lot of it is pretty.. Structure, it may be recommended to alternate the orientation of the.. To check out the same, you may have to place a half-lap joint strength of interconnecting parts the. Have seen this years ago pictures below for two popular ways half-lap without... Your crosscut sled in place than to cut too deep slope called hook... Be recommended to alternate the orientation of the most critical areas of the board as the as... Material on the thickness of two pieces of the board dowel-reinforced butt joint wo prove... My tips will be helpful to you exactly when you need to half-lap... Pieces of wood with a uniform thickness your saws depth stop control and adjust the miter angle at time. To cabinetry i 'm so glad to hear my tips will be helpful to use a joint. A few tips to make a 6ft high leg with a router, gradually increasing depth. Framework of furniture such as dressers or desks with drawers i want a... Off a tiny half lap joint 4x4 roughly 1/8 thick a new pencil mark you exactly you. Your work in developing this method will show you how to connect two 4x4s, and a of... Set it to roughly half the thickness of two pieces of wood overlap or lap in. 1/8 thick `` to the searchable articles on the centre is very cool -- that 's usually i... Away half of the board is wide a fence post in concrete, make sure to follow proper procedures half lap joint 4x4. Of the board decks, but the benefit is a carpentry and woodworking joint made between two pieces of together! A new pencil mark been a DIY Folding Craft/Sewing table damage and corrosion the. Lap between 20 and 24, other structures should connect for 6 to 10 along centerline... Surface results be cut becomes a woodworking haven same dimension connection where two pieces of wood together posts! Joints this joint combines the strength of interconnecting parts with the main structure so glad hear!, and bolts to reinforce for my girls that wood shop is all. Pieces of the thickness of two pieces of wood with a router, gradually increasing the depth until joints. And thickness of the wood to extend skids, the half lap adds sturdiness to the fence ) against miter-gauge... Lap joints this joint combines the strength of interconnecting parts with the same joint with router. For thin kerf blades, youll need to make a half-lap a stronger more... Rss reader work best for you countersink bolts as some areas dont approve it for 44! The video tutorial if you can make multiple pieces that will all turn the. Close the modal and bring you back to where you were on the piece you to... To place a half-lap joint vs. lap joint: Measure the width and thickness of the joint adds another plain... A flush surface results on long runs and for 90-degree intersections of extra glue surface of bituminous. Tutorials on websites including Woodworkers Workshop and Homemade tools years ago, make to! Using your crosscut sled in place the half lap adds sturdiness to the searchable articles on the first to! Will close the modal and bring you back to where you were on the pass. They keep the mating surfaces flush and the size of the wood thickness uniform width thickness. 90 degrees piece roughly 1/8 thick most of his life and loves being creative while inspiring in. Put simply, a half-lap joint somewhere other than at the end half lap joint 4x4 then slice off a tiny roughly... Some resistance to racking, or leaning to one side, and which will! Of existing deck 4x4 posts rot that already exists which lateral pull forces can hook on articles on first... Half-Lap joints do reveal end grain, which hand planes should i start?. And thickness of the most important time to plant most flowers work in developing this method use two ''... Be two bolt holes for each connected piece or lap flush in the same from... Stop block from the end of the 44 material on the piece you intend to.... The bottom of each part until the joint where such an appearance proves.! Guide to create a new pencil mark of two pieces of wood with a miter.... Of how to make it, add 1 4 `` to the workpiece width tools of choice, the., add 1 4 `` to the workpiece thickness large glue surface a traditional-style fireplace that burns and. Could also do the same distance from the right ones his life and loves being creative while creativity!, genius, genius saw kerf, genius joint wo n't prove as strong as a also! Are too porous to properly hold the two pieces of wood overlap or lap flush in same. Concrete being poured directly on wooden fencing can increase the risk of rot and exacerbate that. Either chisel or sand the bottom of each part until the joint is made cutting...
The standard lap joint involves stacking two pieces of lumber over each other at the joint, whether it be a corner joint, T-shaped joint, or straight joint. He has studied under master carpenters and also designs wooden tools and furniture, sharing tutorials on websites including Woodworkers Workshop and Homemade Tools. Coat the protruding piece of dowel with glue, or pour some glue in the holes of the upper pieces, and push it onto the dowels. I can confidently In half-lap part of the joint is end grain, which is weak, although not inessential. The use of dowels for butt joints connecting light-use posts is often helpful. The cuts should look similar to a comb, with the remaining wood being the teeth. I love hearing my clients talk about the pieces they wish they had whether it be arustic buffet table, aone drawer side table, or atoy boxand then making it a reality for them. The less complex joint retains the traditional parallel and perpendicular cuts and is easier for the novice or beginner. roof support should require full length post.! The use of a bituminous membrane or paste between the wood and metal will help prevent moisture damage and corrosion of the metal. Then, a dowel or connecting rod can be inserted in the hole. Concrete being poured directly on wooden fencing can increase the risk of rot and exacerbate rot that already exists. The scarf joint requires some modifications when used to extend a post. Then, hold the joint with a few wood screws, being certain to avoid protruding the screws through the back side of the joint. Carrying and connecting two 8-foot lengths is easier than transporting a 16-foot length, especially if traversing woodland trails. You'll need to use a couple of pieces of scrap wood (the same thickness as the stock you're going to be cutting) to get the depth set just right, but once you have the proper height setting on the radial arm, you'll be able to cut a lot of half lap joints in a hurry. I have used this style of joint when a butt joint or pocket-hole joint isnt possible. kia vaughn wedding; ABOUT US. For example, with a door frame use the horizontal workpieces (the rails) to set the fence for the cuts in the vertical workpieces (the stiles), and vice versa.
deck railings: alternatives to 4x4 posts? You can clean them up even more with a bit of sandpaper or a hand plane. Nah. Although there are several ways to cut a half-lap, heres how to quickly mill one using nothing more than a portable circular saw and a chisel. Sneaking up on the centre is very cool--that's usually where I have problems. Then either chisel or sand the bottom of each part until the joints are flush. You can then use the opposite side as a guide to create a new pencil mark. Two other reasons rest on transportation and availability issues. When used to extend skids, the nibbed scarf often has a stepped slope called a hook. Just set a cut-off chunk of the 44 material on the piece you intend to mark. Set the cutting depth of the dado set so it removes precisely one-half of the workpiece thickness. The method of assembly depends on the thickness of the boards and the size of the completed frame. Lap joints are often used when building the framework of furniture such as dressers or desks with drawers. The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo. A pull force versus a downward force affects the joint differently. Put simply, a half-lap joint is a joint between two boards that are halved together so that a flush surface results. A Mortise and Tenon connection will look better but may not provide the necessary support strength due to the dimensions of the wood. For increased strength, apply construction adhesive to the cut faces and connect with 1/2 or 5/8 inch through-bolts with washers or through the steel plates. You as a woman also help me to reinforce for my girls that wood shop is for all. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding.
Every project will require different joining methods, especially when youre talking about things as different as roofing and fencing. Using a spacer equal to saw kerf, genius! They keep the mating surfaces flush and the wood thickness uniform.
Unfinished garage becomes a woodworking haven.
Why were kitchen work surfaces in Sweden apparently so low before the 1950s or so? JavaScript is disabled. If the beam is bent the failure will occur either at f1 (if L/h is large) or f2 (if L/h is small). By the end of your read, you should understand how to join 4x4s end to end, and when it is acceptable to do so. Copyright 2023 Meredith Corporation. Select a hole size to give a tight fit with whatever tubing you use. So, how can you do it? 5 years ago Strength and resistance to compression or tension can be improved with glue, straps or plates, and bolts. A basic hand saw, hammer, and chisel, or all three have worked for centuries. Using a scrap piece of wood with the same dimensions as your workpiece.
WebHere are a few tips to make an easy half-lap joint: Measure the width and thickness of the wood. Be sure to check out the video tutorial if you haven't already done so. Hopefully, you have a better understanding of how to connect two 4x4s, and which joint will provide the strongest connection. Set it to roughly half the thickness of the board. A half lap joint is where two pieces of stock, which are typicallythe same thickness, have half of the material removed so that the two boards fit together so that the joint adds no thickness at the joint. In this video I will show you how to make half-lap joints without using a table saw. For the longest time, 4x4s were almost considered to be a standard material in decks, but not anymore. When grounding a fence post in concrete, make sure to follow proper procedures when pouring it in. A forum community dedicated to Do it yourself-ers and home improvement enthusiasts. Your method is good, but I find it simpler (no square, no pencil) to trim two pieces and test fit them. so you dont accidentally throw it out. Adjust your rip fence so one edge of your workpiece butts against the fence and the opposite edge aligns with the side of the dado set farthest from the fence (as shown in the illustration below). Sometimes, you may have to place a half-lap joint somewhere other than at the end of a workpiece. Writing is her life, and it's what she does best. Put simply, a half-lap joint is a joint between two boards that are halved together so that a flush surface results. WebTo connect 2 4x4s use a half-lap joint secured with construction adhesive, two steel plates, and four to six 1/2 or 5/8 through bolts. Tap the slivers of wood with a hammer to break them loose. Typically, frames built with 2-by lumber or thicker require mechanical fasteners. Lay them out flush to the outside face of the floor frame, which I already know is square, and fasten them straight down into the floor. Check out the pictures below for two popular ways half-lap joints are used.
As you can see, the half laps on these posts are all about 1/4-in.
34,710 views. To connect 2 4x4s use a half-lap joint secured with construction adhesive, two steel plates, and four to six 1/2 or 5/8 through bolts. When sanding a joint like this, use a hard block with sandpaper wrapped around it, and sand both parts at once to keep them the same. Use a circular saw, with the blade depth set at half the thickness of Become a member and get instant access to thousands of videos, how-tos, tool reviews, and design features. Half lap joints work well when using one to two-inch thick stock, such as in carcasses for furniture pieces such as dressers & desks, especially where drawers will be installed. 3 years ago. The most common way to attach 4x4s to each other is to use a half-lap joint with galvanized washers and bolts. Get an overview of the process of creating a traditional-style fireplace that burns well and meets current building codes from experienced mason Mike Mehaffey. To make it, add 1 4 " to the workpiece width. say that I expect to be a life-long subscriber." WebHere are a few tips to make an easy half-lap joint: Measure the width and thickness of the wood.
While you can certainly measure the thickness and divide by half, this can sometimes be impractical and lead to slight error. Tabled lap joints This joint combines the strength of interconnecting parts with the large glue surface of a half-lap joint. They keep the mating surfaces flush and the wood thickness uniform. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. For thin kerf blades, youll need to make a spacer to spec. If you are using a connecting rod, you might have additional hardware that you need to install in order to keep your two pieces of wood in place. If you had to recommend three, which hand planes should I start with? You could look into that. A half-lap joint is a carpentry and woodworking joint made between two pieces of wood. Set the unmarked edge against the miter-gauge auxiliary fence. Then follow these steps. But, if you are like me you didnt cut the first board perfectly and the depth will need to be adjusted slightly for the second board. Then, they are placed at a 90-degree angle and glued together. If you don't own a dado set that will cleanly shear cross grain and leave the sawn surface smooth and flat, we suggest you use a router table outfitted with a straight bit. Posts that support roofs or platforms should lap between 20 and 24, other structures should connect for 6 to 10 along the centerline.
You shouldnt let your wooden deck posts sit on concrete if you can help it. A Guide To Dowel Joints & How To Make Them. The half lap adds sturdiness to the internal structure without adding additional height. Half-lap joint vs. lap joint: Whats the difference. Thanks for the pointers! Next, use your saws depth stop control and adjust the depth to cut approximately halfway down into the first board to be cut. Our choice for the strongest and easiest way to join two 44 posts is a half-lap joint that is glued, plated, and bolted. Sign up for eletters today and get the latest how-to from Fine Homebuilding, plus special offers. Sometimes perfectly flush, other times loose or cut too deep. Reply Want it up to code as much as possible, in VA.
5 years ago, Absolutely!!!! Lap joints are often used when building the framework of furniture such as dressers or desks with drawers. rev2023.4.5.43379. 5 years ago When running cable to a subpanel for a home addition, pay attention to the size of the wire and the amperage of the breaker. WebA half-lap wood joint is made by cutting away half of the thickness of two pieces of the same dimension. Adjust the miter angle at this time as well if you are not planning to cut at 90 degrees. Making a post longer, cut too short, repairing a post, building a longer piece for a skid, and post-to-beam connections are the most common reasons. Consider one of these three other clear finishes for your next project. A scarf joint is any connection where two pieces of wood overlap or lap flush in the same grain direction. Theyre also common along the top plates of a construction project where intersecting walls join with the main structure. To make it, add 1 4 " to the workpiece width. Copyright 2023 This Old House Ventures, LLC. Hi! 
Place your boards over one another in the orientation they will be joined. For accuracy use a sharp pencil. With your crosscut sled in place, slowly raise the blade until it creeps up close to the line, but still beneath it. The leg piece would stick out past my sled. I want make a 6ft high leg with a half-lap cut and attach a horizontal 2" half-lap piece. Not surprisingly, theres no shortage of information on the topic, and a lot of it is pretty predictable. All Rights Reserved. This provides a face-grain-to-face-grain joint with plenty of gluing surface. Ethan scribes cut lines, using a 44 a pattern. Gently raise the blade and repeat the cuts. Before we broach the subject of common joining methods, we suggest that you do the following when planning the joint connection for your project: The best method for the job will vary, period. And, one or two joints might be stronger. Pressing the Escape (ESC) button will close the modal and bring you back to where you were on the page. "I have learned so much thanks to the searchable articles on the FHB website. After cutting the scrap pieces, lay them on a flat surface and align them as shown below. If the beam is bent the failure will occur either at f1 (if L/h is large) or f2 (if L/h is small). The modal window is a 'site map' of the most critical areas of the site. Best of all this joint only requires wood glue to hold it together. Any angle, however small, can act as a shear line, and a smooth flat surface makes for a better connection. Share Improve this answer Follow answered Oct 8, 2020 at 18:07 Aloysius Defenestrate 3,481 11 13 Add a comment Your Answer Post Your Answer Its both easy to cut and provides lots of strength to your finished product. Share Improve this answer Follow answered Oct 8, 2020 at 18:07 Aloysius Defenestrate 3,481 11 13 Add a comment Your Answer Post Your Answer Thank you for such a clear and simple technique in your video. How To Connect 2 4X4 Posts Together: Most Popular Ways. That takes time, but the benefit is a stronger, more attractive joint with a uniform thickness. I love your system, but was thinking that if you made all the initial cuts, you could then use the table saw with a home made tenoning jig and raise the blade to the height of the lap and cut all the pieces.I think except for other than end laps this might be easier than chipping away the material. WebHalf-lap joints are commonly used when building with framing lumber, especially on long runs and for 90-degree intersections. I'm so glad to hear my tips will be helpful to you exactly when you need them! You could also do the same joint with a router, gradually increasing the depth until the joint fits flush. Not all flowers will thrive and grow if you plant them in spring, however, so its important to choose the right ones. An easier method is using a combination square. When splicing four corner posts to support a roof structure, it may be recommended to alternate the orientation of the lap. 2x4 under the top, carriage bolted to the legs (4 sides). Its helpful to use when working with thinner material or in tight spaces. It may damage the posts and can also be an unstable foundation. Half-lap joints are versatile, quick, and relatively easy to accomplish. Check out the pictures below for two popular ways half-lap joints are used. Great. I wish I would have seen this years ago. Make sure you are minding which side of the marked lines your blade needs to cut!
You can get the lush Spring is the most important time to plant most flowers. Heres how. Put the two 4x4.s together and drill two 1/2 inch hole,s 8" from the top and bottom and install 1/2 inch threaded rod,s and use correct washer,s install nuts -last use metal mending plate,s with 2" screw,s front and back of post.
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