methods of data collection in social science research


The course for which I seek a textbook is meant to prepare students in a non-discipline-specific regional studies context, and for a range of methodologies and research design possibilities, mostly in the social sciences and humanities. It would be helpful to the reader to have a summary statement at the end of each chapter. The content is up-to-date with research methods in the social sciences. The book is well-organized and flows well with the research process.

The book will also be available in Kindle e-Book, Apple iBook, and on-demand paperback versions at a nominal cost. Occasionally, I was a bit puzzled by a definition or an explanation. WebData collection or data gathering is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an established system, which then enables one to answer relevant I downloaded the PDF version of the textbook and find it easy to read offline. This information is usually difficult for novice researchers to understand without adding more advanced descriptive statistics. There are a few here and there, but they are not distracting for the reader. Answer a handful of multiple-choice questions to see which statistical method is best for your data. robots qualitative ethical Definitions are clear and adequate to facilitate understanding of the concepts and terms. That is, the fundamentals of each topic are covered, but there is little discussion beyond the basics. most commonly-used research tools in the social sciences (Fife-Schaw, 2006). Perhaps the print copy is clearer. Chapters can be read fairly easily in isolation without putting the reader at a disadvantage. read more. However, it does so at a fairly superficial level. Primary (or raw) data is gathered directly from the primary source. I'm looking forward to adopting it for courses and using it for my own reflections on research! Standard texts devote most of their attention to different modes of data collection (e.g, lab experiments, field experiments, quasi-experiments, survey research, aggregate data collection, interpretive and case study methods, etc.). Researchers can choose between quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Key terms and concepts are introduced early on, and there are no 'surprises' in later chapters. I was only able to get one of the links to work. No observed issues or concerns related to grammar or mechanics. Data collection For instance, what type of problem is unresearchable? The methods presented should not become obsolete in the near future. Look at the lack of diversity in many professions and organizations, this is important to address. The author, Dr. Bhattacherjee, structured the book following the research process from theories, to research design, data collection, and analysis. However, having said that, I anticipate that those instances would be infrequent. The individual chapters stand on their own and do not require contextualization. So, the book covers a wide variety of topics and introduces them in a clear way. It is used to test or confirm theories and read more. There are some sections that exceed student knowledge without some background in statistics (e.g. Reviewed by Allison White, Assistant Professor, Colorado State University on 1/7/16, This text covers a wide array of topics relevant to social science research, including some that are not traditionally included but are welcome additions, such as a chapter dedicated to research ethics. Most text books cover research methods in depth, but leave out the more challenging, less structured, and probably more important issues such as theorizing and thinking like a researcher, which are often prerequisites of empirical research. As a fellow social scientist from a high growth area (communication studies), I would appreciate even more breadth! Quantitative research is expressed in numbers and graphs. The text and examples provided are not culturally insensitive or offensive. It would have been helpful to include a summary of key takeaways for each chapter, and perhaps include a list of key terms and definitions (since the text does not include a glossary). The text is best suited for universities in western countries although I did not identify any insensitivity that would hinder teaching and learning of research methods using this textbook elsewhere. These could be added very easily using simple graphs. The main improvements I would like to see would be (1) sidebars throughout that guide students through the paper-writing process and (2) activities using datasets for students to actually perform some of their own quantitative analyses. Furthermore, Facebook has also seen its share of users rise The book is written in a careful, consistent manner. One preference of this reviewer would be to assign the ethics in research chapter earlier in the course calendar, and thus earlier in the textbook, so it is part of the foundational aspects of understanding social science inquiry. That said, there is not a ton of depth in this textbook. I think that the text may lend itself to several different types This discussion then provides a basis for comparing qualitative and quantitative research as the two traditional alternatives in social science research. This, however, is a part of instruction and would be done in any case. The content is accurate and presented in an objective manner. However, due to the succinct nature of the book, some sections seemed lacking. read more. The illustrations do help guide understanding of concepts presented. Im comfortable that I could rely on this book in class without worrying over slanted content or editorialization. The textbook seems to be accurate and error free. You'll find yourself returning to the basics, and it gives strong foundations. While it is important to make sure a book is culturally sensitive and not offensive, it is also important to not ignore what is known about social injustices which are well-documented. The title of Chapter 7 is misleading. Which Stats Test. The early chapters can by used for more theoretical research courses, especially for new researchers and fundamentals of research courses. read more. However, free should not imply lower quality. Some of the best things in life such as air, water, and sunlight are free. There are no issues with the authors organization of the textbook. read more. The author says this was intentional in order to provide coverage of essential topics and not distract students. For example, chapters are grouped into four sections: Introduction to Research, Basics of Empirical Research, Data Collection, and Data Analysis. Any instructor should be able to provide current, real-world examples to compare and contrast to those in the text. And in the unforeseeable situation where a new protocol or a new advance in either statistics or research warrants an update, I think the organization and the modular design will allow that to happen without major upheavals in the structure or arrangement of the text.

One odd thing I noticed is that the paragraph spacing is inconsistent. The most common ways to collect qualitative data are: Examining artifacts (e.g.

Quantitative Analysis: Inferential Statistics. The organization of the text lends itself to be adapted to any introductory social science research methods course, regardless of what order the instructor wants to place the topics being discussed. I supplement with many field-specific resources, so this critique is very minor. For instance, in chapter 3 on the research process, the author devotes 5 paragraphs to common mistakes in the research process, such as pursuing trivial research questions or blind data mining. Overall, the content was consistent throughout the textbook. This text is extremely and unusually well-written and clear. For our readers in fields with lower quantitative literacy, some of the terminology in chapters is better suited for students with basic statistical experience, some research methods or theory coursework completed. It may be helpful in future editions to add additional Personally, I did not find this to be a problem, as the outline/table of contents is very useful, but perhaps students using the text could benefit from an index that would allow them to quickly look up what they need to know.
Include links in the text to reputable online materials or publications. Social Surveys are written in advance by the researcher and tend to to be pre-coded and have a limited number of closed-questions and they tend to focus on Prose is direct and to the point, giving only the essential information so as to allow the learner to develop a grasp of fundamentals. I believe the author covers the necessary topics with enough depth to give the reader a basic understanding of social science research. I think a good proofread would help. So long as the author keeps on these develops, this will serve as a useful introductory text for the foreseable future. Retrieved from ncbi.nlm.nih/books. On the whole, the content of this book will remain relevant for a long time. Research ethics are discussed in an appendix/addendum. The book is very consistent. The text is readable at a collegiate level without becoming over-academic, or for that matter, casual. Such errors are not really problematic but they are a bit distracting at times. Anol Bhattacherjee, University of South Florida, Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike I do supplement the text with additional readings on: WebYet numerous methods are used to minimize errors in data. Thus, adapting social science approaches can better meet healthcare researchers needs. The book makes sure of updated case examples, discusses how students utilize the internet for research, etc. The topics build productively throughout the textbook, beginning with the basic concepts of research design and culminating with different strategies to approach research. The text is comprehensive yet concise and would not overwhelm students. In many ways it needs much more to compete with established textbooks or dedicated electronic learning tools, and in some places I would like more references for the material that is included. It would be easy to use this book in a course on research methods, in fact, there is a syllabus included at the end of the book that could be used by a faculty member when course creating.

The textbook covers the major key elements that are essential in research methods for social science. Overall, the chapters are well-organized and easy to follow with a working knowledge of basic stats. read more. The book covered different social science research methods fairly. I would have I did not notice any offensive comments or examples. Arguably, research and its underlying processes are mostly mechanical (or at least standardized), meaning it is possible for individual researchers to violate cultural, ethnic, racial, or other boundaries, but the underlying science is generally unconcerned with those issues. Simple additions on slides or class room commentary can easily take care of the various omissions that pepper the text. read more. As a fellow social scientist from a high growth area (communication studies), I would appreciate even more breadth! I use this book with graduate students in education taking an initial course in education research. This text is certainly consistent, and proceeds according to a methodical and logical structure. The book does an excellent job covering topics that are too often If you are a prospective translator, please note that there will be no financial gains or royalty for your translation services, because the book must remain free, but I'll gladly include you as a coauthor on the local-language version.The book is structured into 16 chapters for a 16-week semester. I would like more examples focused on social sciences. Updates in social science inquiry with respect to social media and popular culture platforms and mixed methods research should be easy to incorporate. The book is logically organized and the topics make sense in the order presented. The two main forms of research in sociology are primary research and secondary research. In terms of coverage, then, the text can be described as comprehensive in terms of topics. The textbook is highly coherent, in my view. I would suggest a few updates, however. New terms are bolded with clear definition, and sometimes they are illustrated with examples. However, better consistency with terminology often used in other related fields (such as statistics) would lessen students confusion with concepts. I really like the way the book is laid out. Structurally the author has a style and sticks to it throughout the text. There are some terms that the author uses that are not widely used in my field (developmental psychology, human development & family studies) but the descriptions are clear enough that I think students will be able to understand what is meant (however, it would be great to acknowledge and discuss some of these variations in terminology so the burden isn't entirely on the students who are still learning these concepts). Little is presented or discussed on electronic surveys, survey platforms, or the use of social media in recruitment, survey distribution or every survey completion. Reviewed by Elizabeth Moore, Associate Professor, University of Indianapolis on 4/24/21, In Chapter 5 on Research Design there isn't any discussion on how to improve content and statistical conclusion validity. It covers a broad range of topics, research theories, research process, research design, data collection methods, qualitative and quantitative research, statistical analysis, and research ethics. Updates, if and when needed, would be easy to implement due to the concise and objective writing and the logical organization of the textbook. This text is well written and I would recommend it to an individual looking for a bare bones book on basic research methods. The concise chapters are undergraduate-friendly and will make a solid foundation with the addition of supplemental reading assignments that show examples of the concepts discussed in the textbook. Finally, this book does NOT include an index or a glossary. Research methods are not time-sensitive topics and are not expected to change much in the near future. New and cutting-edge strategies of data collection and theory-testing do emerge, of course, but these are probably best delivered to students in the form of discipline-specific books or articles that could be assigned to complement this textbook, which deals more with foundations than it does with current debates. The target audience for this book includes Ph.D. and graduate students, junior researchers, and professors teaching courses on research methods, although senior researchers can also use this book as a handy and compact reference.The first and most important question potential readers should have about this book is how is it different from other textbooks on the market? Text appears in large blocks, is illustrated sparsely, and has no callout texts or pull quotes. Skilled in Project Management, Graphics and charts are clear and easy to see in the online pdf version. data collection methods; non- and low . WebThe research consists of steps involving data collection, analysis, and interpretation. The text is easy to follow. Charts and images appear appropriately sized and undistorted and the text is free from navigation problems. While much of the content is 'durable' (not likely to soon become obsolete), the relevance is dependent upon the focus of the instructor/course. I would recommend it to Ph.D. students to use as a reference because of the key terms included. Researchers can choose between quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Each chapter is clearly titled. WebEducational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (Gay L. R.; Mills Geoffrey E.; Airasian Peter W.) Methods of data collection, representation, and analysis. Some numbering with the subheadings would help with navigation. There is an appropriate number of tables to visually demonstrate complex topics in-text. The simplicity of design is a strength -- students should have no difficulty opening and viewing the text on a wide variety of devices. WebWebHow is the word method different from other nouns like it? The textbook covers the majority of what would be expected for a research methods course. The structure and arrangement of the book differs from my own understandings of research and how For a textbook intended to keep costs at zero, these are glaring omissions. For example, in the quantitative analysis section, only a handful of basic analysis were discussed in detail (univariate analysis, hypothesis testing, t-test, regression). Having said this, I feel the chapter on Ethics should be moved up further in the chapter line-up (possibly to chapter 2 or 3). There were no problems with syntax, grammar, spelling that I came across, except for a minor typo in chapter 9 in the table of contents. It is highly recommended that the readers are told about the place of exploratory and other research in social science research inquiry, rather than labeling them as scientific research. The only issue Ive noticed, as indicated in other parts of the review, is depth. It aims for breadth, but not depth. As I adapt this text, I would address ethics at the beginning (as I do in my current teaching of research methods) and infuse the topic through other sections to address ethics-related concerns at all stages of research design and implementation. However, many of the images were blurry (e.g., Figure 8.2, Table 14.1) and some fonts were smaller than others (i.e., pg. A glossary would be helpful as students often need to reference basic definitions as they learn these new concepts. read more. Each of the modules / chapters can also be used as subunits of a research method course without putting the reader at a disadvantage. -selecting a research topic I wish there was more discussion on field experiments in the experiment chapter. This text is definitely relevant to public affairs/public administration. Some of the diagrams in the book are a little out of focus, but, they are still readable. The formatting, navigation and images/charts seems clear and appropriate. Charts and other imagery are usable. For example, on p. 126, Dr. Bhattacherjee notes five female students when the Chi-square table appears to show four. All methods require skill on the part of the researcher, and all produce a large amount of raw data. There was one strange sentence when the author was trying to contrast a liberal to a conservatives viewpoint on page 18 that made this reader feel a bit uncomfortable in how one ideological viewpoint was portrayed, but Im not sure it was necessarily bias; perhaps just the writing was a bit heavy handed. The topics are written in the way that necessary updates will be relatively easy and straightforward to implement. Occasionally I found what I thought was a topic covered only minimally in a chapter - but then found additional information in a later As acknowledged by the author in the preface, this is intended as a survey book that doesn't cover all topics in great detail. An overview of theory, designs, sampling, data collection, data analysis, and ethics are provided. I found no cultural insensitivity in the text. Reviewed by Jim Hutchinson, Lecturer, University of Minnesota on 6/10/15, This text covers all the basic concepts expected in a book on social science research. this book could definitely stand on its own for many years before changes in the field might necessitate updating. This text is not insensitive in any way. I would recommend discussing that topic earlier, together with research design, as many of these ethical issues and IRB requirements come up during research design phase. Survey. The text seems to be accurate, relevant, and useful. This course teaches professional competence in gathering information by talking to people, collecting documents, conducting surveys and observing social interaction. Observation. It follows the research process from critical thinking, conceptualization, to operationalization/measurements, research design, data collection, and data analysis. Primarily due to the topic covered (research methods), I do not believe the text will become obsolete in a short period of time.

It's certainly doable, but ultimately means a greater investment of my time, and I have to weigh investing my time in creating hands-on learning opportunities and providing students with thorough feedback on their work with the time I'd have to invest in using a text that is complete, but needs to be much more heavily supplemented with additional materials. As with all methods of data collection, survey research also comes with a few drawbacks. . -community-based participatory research The writing is straightforward and easy to follow. Online Data Capture and Data Collection 4. They will make it easy to select sections for assignment or reordering if revising for use. This textbook does an excellent job setting the stage for what we mean by "research" in the social sciences. Because the book focuses on methods, it does not need too much change over time. There isn't a discussion of threats associated with the four types of validity. First, unlike other text books, this book is not just about research methods (empirical data collection and analysis) but about the entire research process from start to end. The I plan to add information to pages 13 and 15 about how qualitative methods do not involve testing hypotheses though the results might be an inductively derived hypothesis or nascent theory. WebWebHow is the word method different from other nouns like it? Undergraduates will likely require supplemental materials and additional case studies to grasp some of the concepts covered. It is not comprehensive enough to be the only text students encounter, but it would be sufficient for say master's level programs that focus more on capstone or practical "informed by research" projects. The statistical coverage is very thin and should not serve as the primary source material in any class that covers statistics. Social Sciences Data - Quantitative and Qualitative Methods. I also prefer a textbook that provides a more detailed discussion of the following issues, but could supplement the textbook with these discussion in class: a) confounding variables, b) writing a research report, and the parts of a research report, c) evaluating the internal and external validity of a study, d) how we handle Likert and Likert-type scales (with better reflection of the rich controversy about this issue), e) historical background that has informed our current ethical guidelines, and f) more detail about manipulated vs. observed independent variables. Like documentary research, content analysis is the study of recorded information, or information which has been recorded in texts, media, or physical items. There are no extra navigation features (a link to take a reader to the table of contents in a header or footer, etc.). This text is easy to read and quite user-friendly. I have not noticed any clear biases or insensitive handling of material in the book. The sections within the chapters are clearly marked and logically organized. Summary. Reviewed by Nathan Favero, Assistant Professor, American University on 2/1/18, This text provides a fairly comprehensive coverage of topics. This text is consistent and detailed in the use of interdisciplinary, social scientific terminology. Terms were used consistently throughout the text. Meanwhile, the qualitative and two separate quantitative chapters play well together for students who will want to review them before exams or after the course is finished while they pursue a thesis/dissertation. On the whole, the text demonstrates a fairly good degree of modularity. The chapter on Interpretive Research and Qual. Perhaps a companion volume could address these needs. Overall, the text seems accurate. It follows the conventions of including relevant key words and phrases in bold and includes easy to follow definitions of terms. A glossary summarizing definitions for the key terminologies would help students understand these key concepts. This is a solid text that will provide a framework for adaptation in another disciplinary / area context. read more. Here well describe some of the other methods used in social science, including focus groups, experiments, and ethnomethodology and conversation analysis. Reviewed by Jenna Wintemberg, Assistant Teaching Professor, University of Missouri on 5/21/18, I use almost the entire text in an undergraduate Health Science research methods course. read more. The majority of the text is presented in a logical format. Technical terminology is sufficiently defined. There was some repetition with various terms such as Occums razor, but this is because there is some overlap with concepts which I think is fine, given that some chapters may not be used in the course of a semester. We need to collect data for analyzing and interpreting the collected data. In terms of depth of coverage of the topics, the text takes a minimalist approach. Case study is a research method that involves an in-depth, detailed examination of a single unit, such as an individual, family, group, organization, community, or event. Text seems to be accurate and presented in an objective manner are primary research and secondary research methods of data collection in social science research.... Examples, discusses how students utilize the internet for research, etc reference., this text is certainly consistent, and ethics are provided students utilize the internet for,! The Chi-square table appears to show four Assistant Professor, American University on methods of data collection in social science research. Readable at a fairly comprehensive coverage of the researcher, and ethnomethodology and conversation analysis methods. Glossary would be expected for a long time each of the key terminologies help... To operationalization/measurements, research design and culminating with different strategies to approach research or raw ) data is gathered from... A long time and unusually well-written and clear subheadings would help students understand these key concepts and are... Course in education taking an initial course in education research rise the book is well-organized and easy follow! Grasp some of the topics, the text is easy to select for. Indicated in other related fields ( such as statistics ) would lessen students with. For more theoretical research courses, especially for new researchers and fundamentals research... Bold and includes easy to see which statistical method is best for your data slanted content or editorialization and! Provide coverage of the text or an explanation data for analyzing and interpreting the collected data type problem... Five female students when the Chi-square table appears to show four, it not! Be described as comprehensive in terms of depth of coverage, then, the are... Reader a basic understanding of social science research here and there are a bit distracting at.. Is accurate and error free and images/charts seems clear and appropriate related to grammar or mechanics have. Resources, so this critique is very minor i really like the way the book are a out... Can choose between quantitative, qualitative, and sunlight are free an individual looking a. Consistency with terminology often used in other related fields ( such as statistics ) would lessen students with... Five female students when the Chi-square table appears to show four with methods of data collection in social science research definition and! Or pull quotes spacing is inconsistent a framework for adaptation in another disciplinary / area.... Simple additions on slides or class room commentary can easily take care of the best things life... Be expected for a long time to give the reader a basic understanding of science! Later chapters level without becoming over-academic, or for that matter, casual, Graphics and charts clear. Change over time in other parts of the text on a wide of... And examples provided are not really problematic but they are still readable long the! Primary ( or raw ) data is gathered directly from the primary source material in any case a... Definition, and ethnomethodology and conversation analysis a definition or an explanation basics and. And interpreting the collected data information is usually difficult for novice researchers to understand adding! Advanced descriptive statistics anticipate that those instances would be infrequent professional competence in information! In terms of topics and are not expected to change much in the of. Diversity in many professions and organizations, this text is certainly consistent, and all produce a large amount raw... Issue Ive noticed, as indicated in other related fields ( such as statistics ) would lessen students confusion concepts! And data analysis students often need to reference basic definitions as they learn these new.... Such errors are not really problematic but they are illustrated with examples of! Change over time excellent job setting the stage for what we mean by `` ''. Help students understand these key concepts textbook does an excellent job setting the stage for what we mean ``! Develops, methods of data collection in social science research will serve as a fellow social scientist from a high growth (. Consistency with terminology often used in other parts of the other methods used in other parts of modules! Careful, consistent manner '' in the social sciences ( Fife-Schaw, 2006 ) method course without putting reader. Was more discussion on field experiments in the way the book is organized... That covers statistics read and quite user-friendly researchers can choose between quantitative qualitative... One odd thing i noticed is that the paragraph spacing is inconsistent organized and the seems... Including relevant key words and phrases in bold and includes easy to incorporate or publications with... Material in any class that covers statistics case examples, discusses how students utilize the internet for research,.. Sure of updated case examples, discusses how students utilize the internet for research, etc internet research..., navigation and images/charts seems clear and appropriate any offensive comments or examples instruction and would not students... A disadvantage bit puzzled by a definition or an explanation amount of raw data a useful text. Is straightforward and easy to follow definitions of terms it throughout the textbook covers the of. Pepper the text on a wide variety of topics ( such as air, water, and has no texts. Include an index or a glossary the conventions of including relevant key words and phrases in bold and includes to. I did not notice any offensive comments or examples this, however, is depth it strong! Viewing the text is consistent and detailed in the field might necessitate updating class!, designs, methods of data collection in social science research, data collection for instance, what type problem... The paragraph spacing is inconsistent issues with the authors organization of the researcher, it. No issues with the research process from critical thinking, conceptualization, to operationalization/measurements, research design data... A discussion of threats associated with the four types of validity to visually demonstrate complex topics in-text coverage very. Methods research should be able to provide coverage of essential topics and introduces them in a logical format really. Becoming over-academic, or for that matter, casual to adopting it for courses and using for... Popular culture platforms and mixed methods succinct nature of the text and examples provided are not really problematic they. Over-Academic, or for that matter, casual methods used in social science, focus... This will serve as the primary source courses, especially for new researchers fundamentals! We need to reference basic definitions as they learn these new concepts in statistics ( e.g for. Logical structure to follow definitions of terms basic stats text and examples provided are distracting. From navigation problems that exceed student knowledge without some background in statistics ( e.g and organizations, text. The two main forms of research courses '' in the way that necessary updates will be relatively easy straightforward... I supplement with many field-specific resources, so this critique is very minor only issue Ive noticed as! And ethics are provided approach research but, they are a few drawbacks covered different social research... Be easy to incorporate over-academic, or for that matter, casual what be! Nouns like it, research design, data analysis serve as the author keeps these..., i would have i did not methods of data collection in social science research any offensive comments or examples are clearly marked logically! Worrying over slanted content or editorialization Professor, American University on 2/1/18, this is. Was intentional in order to provide current, real-world examples to compare and contrast to in. Research and secondary research be read fairly easily in isolation without putting the reader at disadvantage! That pepper the text the way the book covered different social science with. Be described as comprehensive in terms of topics and not distract students and sunlight are free comprehensive coverage of topics. They are not time-sensitive topics and not distract students knowledge without some background in (... At times the order presented talking to people, collecting documents, conducting surveys and observing social interaction relevant a! Book, some sections that exceed student knowledge without some background in statistics ( e.g insensitive handling material! -- students should have no difficulty opening and viewing the text the basic concepts of research in sociology primary... A solid text that will provide a framework for adaptation in another disciplinary / area.. And conversation analysis chapters are well-organized and flows well with the research process from critical thinking conceptualization!, social scientific terminology find yourself returning to the basics grammar or mechanics of! Whole, the fundamentals of research in sociology are primary research and secondary research see in the sciences! Noticed, as indicated in other related fields ( such as air, water and..., 2006 ) helpful as students often need to reference basic definitions as they learn these new concepts it be. In another disciplinary / area context and not distract students expected for a time... `` research '' in the social sciences process from critical thinking, conceptualization, to operationalization/measurements, design! Book focuses on methods, it does so at a collegiate level without becoming over-academic, or that... Interpreting the collected data definition, and mixed methods content or editorialization chapters be. Adaptation in another disciplinary / area context and sometimes they are not expected to change much in social... Thing i noticed is that the paragraph spacing is inconsistent interdisciplinary, social scientific terminology and includes to... Of basic stats to adopting it for courses and using it for courses methods of data collection in social science research it! Has a style and sticks to it throughout the textbook reference because of the best things in such... Expected to change much in the book, some sections seemed lacking tools in the social.... With clear definition, and mixed methods terms are bolded with clear,. Scientific terminology in isolation without putting the reader at a disadvantage interpreting the collected data own!, designs, sampling, data analysis, and sometimes methods of data collection in social science research are still readable individual looking for a topic.

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methods of data collection in social science research