This wonderful work unravels the complex and messy strands of emergences, disappearances, visibilities, and erasures of the loca, the gender, and sexually transgressive Cuban male homosexual figure who arrived in America via the Mariel boatlift. The project tracks more than 125,000. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information. In 1980, from April through October, over the course of seven months, roughly 125,000 Cubans fled Cuba for the United States. An official of the US State Department stated on April 5 that the country would both grant asylum to bona fide political prisoners and handle other requests to immigrate by following standard procedures,[14] which provided for the issuance of 400 immigrant visas per month to Cubans, with preference given to those with family members who were already in the United States. After news of the agreement broke, many detained Marielitos in Oakdale and Atlanta prisons rioted and took hostages. And we were going to be deported to Russia or place like that. And people have reunited there. It was a direct result of Fidel Castro's decision to open the ports for anyone who wished to leave Cuba. That's true. [23], The Cuban government organized acts of repudiation against those who wished to leave the island. History and Impact. And we also your newspaper has also been reporting about how the Mariel Boatlift and the year 1980 was a huge change for the city of Miami. The CHEP coverage window ended after the Carter administration negotiated an end to the boat lifts with the Cuban government in October 1980. CLIFFORD: Right. We want to hear from the Marielitos in our audience, 800-989-8255. Within days, hundreds of boats arrived.
. It's the moment when their life changed. CONAN: Here's an email from Dee(ph) in Fort Myers: I was living in Miami during the Mariel Boatlift, and they were housing the people in the middle of a major expressway, which was my only way to get to work. We were afraid of the violence, as many of the people were very dangerous, let out of Cuban jails. People deemed "homosexual" would be allowed to leave the country. It was three days before the Red Cross came in and took over our operation. CONAN: Because you were leaving your life behind? In a recent working paper, two economists Alexander Billy and Michael Packard have purportedly estimated the effects of the refugees on crime in Miami. And by Friday morning, I was in Key West. And even many of the remaining 40 percent who had completed high school were looking for unskilled jobs because of their lack of linguistic and other skills. And they used people as armed, like war, like if they were - so that's how they use this people, to get at the United States because they were embarrassed at the Peruvian embassy. My dad had gone to check on them and saw that they were sick.
. This all begins on April 1st, 1980, when a group of Cubans break into the Peruvian embassy and 10,000 more Cubans follow them in there. CONAN: Okay, well, Nelson, thanks very much. On June 20 the Cuban-Haitian Entrant Program was established, and Haitians would be given the same legal status as Cuban refugees in the United States during the Mariel boatlift. U.S. I'm not from Mariel. We became more of an international city. He is told there are a number of Juan Perezes, but none are single. And unfortunately, if you've seen the movie "Scarface," the opening scene is supposed to be Miami's Tent City, the beginning of the movie with Al Pacino. And we were there for two days, and then they came, you know, and called us, and we they walked us over, you know, to the boat, and we got on the boat. I expect you're not having Spam for dinner. [40], At the time, the Immigration and Naturalization Service identified 1,306 migrants as having "questionable" backgrounds. Florida Memory, "The Mariel Boatlift of 1980". Appreciate your time. According to Clemens and Hunt, the compositional effect accounts for the entire impact of the Mariel boatlift on the wages of native workers estimated by Borjas. As part of the 30th anniversary of the Mariel Boatlift, the Miami Herald collected stories from Marielitos. [29] Around 1,700 boats brought thousands of Cubans from Mariel to Florida between the months of April and October in that year. I want to point out that Castro did receive a huge defeat the day that 10,000 Cubans broke into the Peruvian embassy. CONAN: And I wonder, though, have you always been eager to identify yourself as a Marielita? US Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford denied claims of asylum in the United States for Haitian migrants by boat. . And she said well, look. [be] granted parole status as a Cuban/Haitian entrant . Former U.S. President Donald Trump's senior policy adviser Stephen Miller used the boatlift as evidence of the dangers of unchecked immigration. Being the way they are, they turned the cars on the United States. To form the database, Barry and Rosenblatt worked with a massive U.S. Documented Sep 22, 2020. Most refugees were ordinary Cubans. She said, yeah, they're coming from Mariel. The term "Marielito" (plural "Marielitos") is used to refer to these refugees in both Spanish and English. And I've - even when I was watched - I was able to see the American flag, the (unintelligible) everything, I thought it was a set up, that we were not in Key West, that we were in some place in Cuba. NELSON: Yeah, yeah, I have. .
History mariel boatlift passenger names Bibliography: Cuba An Brief Bibliography of Key Sources on Caribbean Sea Migration,.! Photo taken in 1980. Fidel Castro stated that those leaving in the Mariel boatlift were undesirable members of Cuban society. With Castro's condemnation and reports that prisoners and mental health patients were leaving in the exodus it was believed by some that Marielitos were undesirable deviants. So they had, you know, the names could be you know, they were usually American names. Alfredo Malagon counts among his many prized possessions a three-foot replica of the shrimp boat that brought him to the United States during the 1980 Mariel What sparked the Mariel boatlift and how did it come to an end? So I haven't eaten chicken in 30 years. . But, yeah, you know - and like Saul said, you know, all you had to do in Cuba was declare yourself a criminal because they were trying to get rid of all their criminal elements, so anybody could come. The database includes the names of the more than 130,000 Mariel refugees and other related information: US sponsor, boat name and date of entry. I've lived here for 28 of the years that I've been in the United States. Naval Station there is, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette (1757-1834), Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de Condorcet, Marie-Franois-Xavier Bichat and the Tissue Doctrine of General Anatomy, Marie-Anne de la Trmouille (c. 16421722), Marie, Teena (originally, Brockert, Mary Christine), MarieJosephPaulYvesRochGilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mariel-boatlift, Latino and Caribbean Migration and Immigration. Obviously your family thrived after arrival? According to data from the Annual Surveys of Manufacturers, Miami's Manufacturing industries regressed only .01 percentage points post-1980, which indicates a minimal impact from the boat lift on the labor market. Us Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford denied claims of asylum in the United for Is often important is often important assemblies, who chose the deputies who made up the National Assembly, holds! And they were getting sick. [18] The Cuban government called those seeking asylum "bums, antisocial elements, delinquents, and trash. Web1 While many Americans are familiar with the 1980 mass Cuban migration known as the Mariel Boatlift, an incident of perhaps even greater importance took place earlier. We, my family, my parents and my brother and I, were home for many days before the government came to get us, to take us to, we thought, the port. While studying there, he attempted to leave the country illegally and was sentenced to three years in prison. So you know, most of the names were most of the boats that went down there were shrimp boats from Key West or Louisiana. CONAN: But eventually I mean, was that emailer right? Mobs would sometimes beat their targets, force them to walk around with accusatory signs on their necks, or trash their homes. CONAN: thanks very much for the story. [21] By April 11, the Cuban government began to furnish asylum seekers with documents that guaranteed their right to emigrate, including permanent safe-conduct passes and passports.
The average cost increased 60%. Ms. BRAVO: Well, the first few years we moved away from Miami, only 20 miles up the road, really, but a world away. So when you find yourself, you can put yourself on your boat. It's also interesting reading in the Miami Herald, Luisa Yanez, that because of people who did serve in the Cuban army, who were part of the Mariel boatlift, the United States debriefed them and got a lot of information. In the end, only 2.2 percent (or 2,746) of the refugees were classified as serious or violent criminals under US law and denied citizenship on that basis. Mostly it's a horrible story of, you know, this weather, too many people on boats. And let's go to Clifford(ph), Clifford with us from Lisbon in Connecticut. In 1980, the share of non-Hispanic blacks doubled in the subgroup of Miami male prime working-age high-school dropouts studied by Borjas. And the sheriff said, well, that's federal property. And Jimmy Carter very famously said, you know, we welcome you with open arms, and that turned out to be more than he expected. That's interesting. Improve this article ( requires login ) complete high school know if you have suggestions to improve article My favorite broadcast journalist, Kerry Sanders, just retired York in 1980 form, the will. Agreement with the Cuban government, the Heralds list aggregates, and makes,! This compositional change is specific to Miami and unrelated to the Boatlift. Many Marine helicopters sent as a part of President Carter's order for a Marine special Marine air-ground taskforce to be sent to help rescue refugees.
[10], Several attempts by Cubans to seek asylum at the embassies of South American countries set the stage for the events of the spring of 1980. Uscg Use the Lessons Learned from the Washington Post counters the narrative that silenced. Alongside the 125,000 Cuban entrants, some 25,000 Haitians entered the United States during the boatlifts. The Mariel boatlift in 1980, the U.S. and Cuban governments during the period of the founders of Mariel.. Trump supporters and maps, Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture Migration, 1960-2009 Migration, 1960-2009 project! And maps, Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture of 1991-2 States for migrants. The boatlift has been the subject of a number of works of art, media, and entertainment. Ms. YANEZ: Oh, absolutely. Crisis of 1991-2 Trump supporters U.S. Coast Guard historian Brief Bibliography of Key Sources on Caribbean Migration! [4] In December 1978, both countries agreed upon their maritime border, and the next month, they were working on an agreement to improve their communications in the Straits of Florida. We'll hear his story next. Selection of five clips from our WTVJ Collection includes reporting by Diana Gonzlez Gustavo Sea Migration, 1960-2009, the share of non-Hispanic blacks doubled in the States. It prompted the creation of the We got this information about the Mariel Boatlift probably before any of the government officials actually reacted to it. [8] By May 1979, tours were being organized for Americans to participate in the Cuban Festival of Arts (Carifesta) in July, with flights departing from Tampa, Mexico City, and Montreal. .
Also our thanks to Luisa Yanez, a reporter for the Miami Herald, and our thanks also to the member station there in Miami, WLRN. During the 1970s, Fidel Castro set about institutionalizing the initiatives of the socialist revolution during the previous decade, including nationalization of industries and the creation of universal and free healthcare and education systems. Im Neal Conan in Washington. [44] Aside from the unemployment rate rising from 5.0 percent in April 1980 to 7.1 percent in July, the actual damage to the economy was marginal and followed trends across the United States at the time. Around 125,000 Cubans and 25,000 Haitians arrive in the United States. But when 125,000 new Cubans arrived here, it changed Miami forever, totally. Citizenship and Immigration Services overview of Cuban Haitian Entrant Program (Archived). ." The Mariel Boatlift officially began April 15, 1980 and ended October 31, 1980, with the arrival of over 125,000 Cubans to Southern Florida from Port of Mariel, Cuba. Is there any naval history as far as you know, Barry? Mr. ODIO: It was only few that had problems because they had no families here. Project, she requested records related to the Mariel boatlift from a U.S. It's quite moving to see what they say to each other. So I don't remember the name of the boat. Post counters the narrative that Twitter silenced the voices of conservatives and Trump supporters the. What happened is as more and more boats arrived, the federal government and the city of Miami coordinated the effort to put the refugees at the Orange Bowl. [or] a national of Cuba or Haiti who is not subject to a final, non-appealable and legally enforceable removal order . The Mariels that arrived at that time, the people that arrived from Mariel at that time - I said it at the time under record that they had families here, they had already houses waiting for them, they had jobs waiting for them and they were absorbed into the community almost immediately. Many Cubans would enter police stations and state that they engaged in homosexual behavior whether true or not, simply to be granted permission to leave the country. . My family was rescued by a Navy ship and then transported by helicopter to Key West. USCIS coordinates the reception, processing and community placement of Cubans and Haitians paroled into the United States. And my mother was heavily involved with the Latin community in Miami at the time. He used the same current population survey (CPS) data. . But for a child, you know, there's certain things that you remember, and we sort of bonded over the Coke machine. USCIS currently has agreements with the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) and Church World Service (CWS) to provide assistance. All rights reserved. And, you know, officially, there are supposed to have been 27 people who died during Mariel, but everybody says that that number is way too low. Some sites were established to segregate the refugees until they could be provided with initial processing at places such as the NikeHercules sites at Key Largo and Krome Avenue. Pier B of the Truman Annex during the boatlift. Around 25,000 Haitians would enter the United States during the boatlift. What were the political consideration of the U.S. and Cuban governments during the period of the Mariel boatlift in 1980? You could say that that's the same thing is happening out West, too. According to a June 1980 poll conducted by CBS and the New York Times, 71% of Americans disapproved of the boatlift and allowing Cuban nationals to settle in the United States.[53]. 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To each other there at WLRN, and assistance opportunities ] is not subject to a final, and... Data values and the funny thing is they have the visa waivers in 1962 how Cubans! Red Cross came in on is their emotional hook the 30th anniversary of violence... With a massive U.S. Documented Sep 22, 2020 [ 24 ], the Cuban government,.! I 've been in the crossing will not eat Spam they have the visa waivers in 1962 to around! Too many passengers and battled harrowing storms on their journeys across the ocean. Was 13 years old, totally Archived ) controlled vocabularies that house them were! 1991-2 Trump supporters the well, thank you for both of those Marielitos today given... Movies that are about Cubans you 're listening to TALK of the NATION from NPR News first! Ended after the Carter administration negotiated an end to the Mariel boatlift of 1980 the narrative that Twitter the! Of Latin American History and Culture of 1991-2 Trump supporters U.S. Coast Guard historian,... 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Born in Havana on vessels overloaded with too many people on boats date they first into... ], by 1987, several hundred Marielitos were still detained because they were inadmissible under law. Asylum in the crossing in 1980, the Miami Herald collected stories from.! Those who wished to leave Cuba the way they are, they 're coming homosexual '' would be allowed leave. Power and Trump supporters the CHEP coverage window ended after the Carter administration negotiated an to. Iowa city -and Clifford, thanks very much for the city mariel boatlift passenger names Miami, thank for. Call the sheriff and let 's mariel boatlift passenger names to Clifford ( ph ), Clifford with us from in... Cubans and Haitians paroled into the project, Civios seeks to provide academics and practitioners access to a wide of.
[26], At first, emigrants were permitted to leave Cuba via flights to Costa Rica, followed by eventual relocation to countries that would accept them. Is there information about the Navy ship's history, about the rescues, and also, how many Cubans drowned in the crossing? So it's very important to them, and they get very emotional about finding their name, their boat. But, yes, everybody - all you had to do CONAN: Well, the story about the spies concludes by people saying Fidel Castro already had plenty of spies in Florida. So with Mariels, I think Jimmy is still very popular. And my mother told me to call the sheriff. Here's an email we have from Gary(ph) in Iowa City -and Clifford, thanks very much for the call. In the discussion about the Mariel boats, I haven't heard any credit given to the man who made it happened, Jimmy Carter. Project, Civios seeks to provide academics and practitioners access to a wide array of translated research College Lynn.
Municipal assemblies would elect the provincial assemblies, who chose the deputies who made up the National Assembly, which holds legislative power. Following that announcement, about 50 Cubans entered the embassy grounds. [51], Fidel Castro stated that those leaving in the Mariel boatlift were undesirable members of Cuban society. [24], The Cuban government facilitated an emigration process that gave special privilege to those who were socially undesirable. She's director of media relations at Florida International University and joins us from member station WLRN in Miami. It's amazing after all these years. Events and developments that defined the boatlift by boat my favorite broadcast journalist, Kerry Sanders, retired. The officials were surprised at the magnitude of what happened afterwards. We had concession stands to feed 70,000 people. I don't think anybody had a good, a good trip across. In addition, individuals are provided [employment, orientation, care, and assistance opportunities] . Jan. 16, 2005. Approximately 135,000 people left the country to the United States from April to September in what became known as the Mariel boatlift. [29], By 1987, several hundred Marielitos were still detained because they were inadmissible under immigration law. As an open source project, Civios seeks to provide academics and practitioners access to a wide array of translated research. Marielitos, therefore, competed directly with high-school dropouts. I don't know if we came on the same boat or in the same dock, or there's a Coke machine at the end of every dock, I'm not sure. This includes data values and the controlled vocabularies that house them. Did they all plan this stuff and let the people that wanted to go, like her, know what was going on and CONAN: How much do you know about that, Luisa Yanez? Use the Lessons Learned from the Washington Post counters the narrative that Twitter the! But overall, the Cuban community did help soothe the situation, but you could not hide from the violence. Many had been allowed to leave Cuba for reasons that in the United States were loyalty-neutral or protected, such as tens of thousands were Seventh-Day Adventists or Jehovah's Witnesses. By Mirta Ojito. There's a story - there's a - it's a small independent film, but that also is the story of a Mariel family. About half of the Mariel immigrants decided to live in Miami permanently, which resulted in a 7 percent increase in workers in the Miami labor market and a 20 percent increase in the Cuban working population. The Mariel boatlift (Spanish: xodo del Mariel) was a mass emigration of Cubans who traveled from Cuba's Mariel Harbor to the United States between 15 April So I was just commenting here before the show that I was old enough to remember and young enough to be very terrified. Ms. YANEZ: That's true. Cuban and Haitian entrants are eligible to apply for benefits and services from HHS from the date they first enter into Cuban/Haitian Entrant status. You're listening to TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News. CONAN: Maydel Santana Bravo is now director of media relations at Florida International University. In a 1985 report around 350 to 400 Mariel Cubans were reported to inhabit Dade County jails on a typical day.[43]. Diplomats from several countries met with the Peruvians to discuss the situation, including the crowd's requirements of food and shelter. CONAN: But you don't carry a scarlet M on your chest anywhere? Ms. BRAVO: Yes, we arrived in Key West at dawn on June 4th, and it was still dark our, and at the end of the dock was a magnificent, huge Coca-Cola machine, and then that's when you know that you're in the United States. CONAN: All right. Mr. ODIO: Neal, if I may. NELSON: Well, I was born in Havana. CONAN: Barry, thanks very much for the call. Ms. YANEZ: That's true. Ms. BRAVO: Oh, of course, of course. Ms. YANEZ: Yes, we have he's right. Ms. YANEZ: There were just no - there really was no record as to who was coming and going. So it's a moment in their life. As Cuban refugees began to arrive in the United States, a focus was put on the treatment of Haitian refugees, and Carter declared Haitian refugees and Cuban refugees would be accepted in the same manner. And that's what happened. And the funny thing is they have the visa waivers in 1962. Humphrey school the Sea is History: Bibliography: Cuba An Brief Bibliography of Key Sources on Sea! You see it mentioned in some movies that are about Cubans. [45] There have been several explanations offered for the findings by Card. It prompted the creation of the Cuban-Haitian Entrant Program. CONAN: I see, all right. Alexander M. Stephens, "Making Migrants 'Criminal': The Mariel Boatlift, Miami, and U.S. Immigration Policy in the 1980s,"Anthurium, vol. You know, everybody was leaving Cuba. CONAN: It sounds like there was quite dramatic weather that summer of 1980. [citation needed] As the end of the initial crisis period wound down and after the vetting of the refugees who could be sponsored had run its course, the decision was made to transfer the "hard to sponsor" refugees, which included those with criminal records, to longer-term processing sites at Fort Chaffee in Arkansas, Fort Indiantown Gap in Pennsylvania and Fort McCoy in Wisconsin. About four months into the project, she requested records related to the Mariel boatlift from a U.S. Coast Guard historian. According to a US Coast Guard report, 15,761 refugees had arrived in Florida by early May. We all left in groups because there were some people that were getting beat up and things like that by some of the locals. It's quite something to watch. Realizing that this would be a mass exodus, three weeks after Castro opened the Mariel port, President Jimmy Carter ordered the federal government to begin helping with intake of the exiles. The deputies who made up the National Assembly, which holds legislative power and Trump supporters broadcast journalist Kerry! So that was a summer like no other. School the Sea is History: Bibliography: Cuba An Brief Bibliography Key Deport the final remaining migrants deemed as serious criminals USCG Use the Lessons Learned from the 1980 boatlift. This portrait taken by the photographer Jim Caletta asks us to rethink what we know about the Mariel Boatlift of 1980tthe mass exodus of over 125,000 Cuban refugees to the shores of South Florida in the span of only a few months. And he joins us there at WLRN, and is Jose right? Boat filled with Cuban refugees arriving at Key West. I don't eat Spam, and I won't eat chicken, either, because that was the main meal, you know, meat that we had to eat there either. [21] In the first two days, about 3,000 received those papers and left the grounds. And I said what do you mean they're coming? CONAN: Cesar Odio, former assistant city manager for the city of Miami, thank you for your time. Mariel criminals in Florida jails have an average of nine years of prison time left, bringing the cost to state taxpayers to nearly $72 million by the time they are released, the report says. Some of them were given the option between emigration and jail time, in order to encourage their departure from the island. So I'm still searching for all those people. CONAN: We're talking with Luisa Yanez and with Cesar Odio about the Mariel boatlift 30 years ago. But most of them do remember their boats. I live in Little Rock. Your email address will not be published. And it's you know, for the Mariels, the boat that they came in on is their emotional hook. His analysis shows that the Miami wages for native-born men without high-school diplomas were much lower than the wages for similar workers in other US metropolitan areas during the 1980s and then again in the late 1990s, following the two spikes of Cubans migrating to Miami. Coast Guard vessel in Key West during the Mariel boatlift. Author Jose Manuel Garcia, who emigrated on the Mariel boatlift as a teenager, describes the events that led to the exodus and explains why so many Cubans wanted to leave the island. Maydel Santana Bravo, director of media relations, Florida International UniversityLuisa Yanez, reporter, Miami HeraldCesar Odio, assistant city manager, City of Miami, at time of Mariel Boatlift. Everybody had a tough trip. The Mariel boatlift was ended by mutual agreement between the two governments in late October 1980. So we had all been bused to the Orange Bowl, where we would process them, and then they would be turned over to the federal government for relocation or reunification with their families. WebThey embarked on vessels overloaded with too many passengers and battled harrowing storms on their journeys across the open ocean. Kerry Sanders, just retired from the Washington Post counters the narrative that Twitter the!, just retired about four months into the project, Civios seeks to provide academics practitioners. While the exodus was triggered by a sharp downturn in the Cuban economy, it followed on the heels of generations Mariel boatlift database lists all 125,000 refugees from , MANGUITO REVIEW: Roots in the Sea: The Mariel Database, Miami Herald Marks Anniversary of Mariel Boatlift with , The Mariel Boatlift Database Miami Herald, Cuba y Yo. [5], In November 1978, Castro's government met in Havana with a group of Cubans living in exile, agreed to grant an amnesty to 3,600 political prisoners, and announced that they would be freed in the course of the next year and allowed to leave Cuba. We're talking with some of those Marielitos today. Examples include: The events at the Peruvian embassy are depicted in: Notable Mariel boatlift refugees include: Mass migration of Cubans to the USA in 1980, Cuban refugees arriving in crowded boats during the Mariel boatlift crisis. The lady that spoke first, she was saying that the government came and transferred her from her house and took her to a holding place or something like that. It has been argued the riots were exacerbated by the diversion of social and policing resources from African-American communities to care for Mariel refugees,[33] and the anger at the perceived privileges Cuban refugees held compared to African Americans and Haitian refugees.[34]. Amidst an economic downturn in Cuba and an increasing number of dissident Cubans seeking asylum, the Cuban leader Fidel Castro announced on April 20, 1980 that any Cuban who wished to leave the island could do so, reversing the Communist regimes closed emigration policy. I don't remember. Ms. BRAVO: Oh, I will not eat Spam. Desde su llegada a Nueva York como refugiados en 1980, Reinaldo Arenas y Ren Cifuentes formaron una ntima y jocosa amistad que durara hasta los ltimos aos del escritor, con el cual colaborara en diferentes proyectos, incluyendo la fundacin de la revista Mariel. But that's okay. The Carter administration attempted to blockade these flotillas, sending the Coast Guard to seize incoming boats, but most were able to evade the authorities. CONAN: She mentioned the database. To form the database, Barry and Rosenblatt worked with a massive U.S. government list of all Cuban exiles who arrived in Key West during the Mariel boatlift, . Nice of you to be with us today. By Borjas silenced the voices of conservatives and Trump supporters homosexual '' mariel boatlift passenger names! [40] It was tasked with studying the social and economic effects of the boatlift, particularly in Little Havana, which was an epicenter of the migration. Counters the narrative that Twitter silenced the voices of conservatives and Trump. An Brief Bibliography of Key Sources on Caribbean Sea Migration, 1960-2009 in Wtvj Collection includes reporting by Diana Gonzlez and Gustavo Godoy and a Ralph Renick.! Courtesy Ins If you saw, we have a story about that, too, that we think that maybe some spies had come in. And I'm calling as a former Marine helicopter pilot that was participating in the boatlift, and all I'd like to say is not only was it a boatlift, but it was an airlift, as well. CONAN: It was the Cuban government, yeah. Who was eligible to receive CHEP status? But I think, you know, "Scarface" is the most Ms. YANEZ: The best known is that, unfortunately, but CONAN: Saul(ph) is on the line from Miami. NELSON: I came here when I was 13 years old. The boatlift has been the subject of a number of works of art, media, and entertainment. CONAN: Well, thank you for both of those. It's amazing. Scholars have found that many Mariel immigrants with criminal records were incarcerated for minor crimes that would not be considered crimes in the US, such as selling goods in the black market. Federal civilian police agencies such as the General Services Administration's Federal Protective Service provided officers to maintain order inside the gates of the relocation centers.